diff --git a/pkg/limits/frontend/frontend.go b/pkg/limits/frontend/frontend.go
index 577dd7bf7a..34cf812af7 100644
--- a/pkg/limits/frontend/frontend.go
+++ b/pkg/limits/frontend/frontend.go
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func (f *Frontend) ExceedsLimits(ctx context.Context, req *proto.ExceedsLimitsRe
 	for _, resp := range resps {
 		results = append(results, resp.Results...)
 	}
-	return &proto.ExceedsLimitsResponse{results}, nil
+	return &proto.ExceedsLimitsResponse{Results: results}, nil
 }
 
 func (f *Frontend) CheckReady(ctx context.Context) error {
diff --git a/pkg/limits/ingest_limits.go b/pkg/limits/ingest_limits.go
index 44c177a570..b993491d2e 100644
--- a/pkg/limits/ingest_limits.go
+++ b/pkg/limits/ingest_limits.go
@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ type IngestLimits struct {
 
 	cfg    Config
 	logger log.Logger
-	client *kgo.Client
+	reader *kgo.Client
+	writer *kgo.Client
 
 	lifecycler        *ring.Lifecycler
 	lifecyclerWatcher *services.FailureWatcher
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ type IngestLimits struct {
 
 	// Track stream metadata
 	metadata StreamMetadata
+	wal      WAL
 
 	// Track partition assignments
 	partitionManager *PartitionManager
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ func NewIngestLimits(cfg Config, lims Limits, logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.
 	kCfg.AutoCreateTopicEnabled = true
 	kCfg.AutoCreateTopicDefaultPartitions = cfg.NumPartitions
 
-	s.client, err = client.NewReaderClient("ingest-limits", kCfg, logger, reg,
+	s.reader, err = client.NewReaderClient("ingest-limits-reader", kCfg, logger, reg,
 		kgo.ConsumerGroup(consumerGroup),
 		kgo.ConsumeTopics(kCfg.Topic),
 		kgo.Balancers(kgo.CooperativeStickyBalancer()),
@@ -170,6 +172,12 @@ func NewIngestLimits(cfg Config, lims Limits, logger log.Logger, reg prometheus.
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create kafka client: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	s.writer, err = client.NewWriterClient("ingest-limits-writer", kCfg, 20, logger, reg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create kafka client: %w", err)
+	}
+	s.wal = NewKafkaWAL(s.writer, s.cfg.KafkaConfig.Topic, uint64(s.cfg.NumPartitions), logger)
+
 	s.Service = services.NewBasicService(s.starting, s.running, s.stopping)
 	return s, nil
 }
@@ -325,9 +333,14 @@ func (s *IngestLimits) updateMetadata(rec *proto.StreamMetadata, tenant string,
 // It returns nil for expected termination cases (context cancellation or client closure)
 // and returns the original error for other failure cases.
 func (s *IngestLimits) stopping(failureCase error) error {
-	if s.client != nil {
-		s.client.Close()
+	if s.reader != nil {
+		s.reader.Close()
+	}
+
+	if s.wal != nil {
+		s.wal.Close()
 	}
+
 	if errors.Is(failureCase, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(failureCase, kgo.ErrClientClosed) {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -350,7 +363,7 @@ func (s *IngestLimits) GetAssignedPartitions(_ context.Context, _ *proto.GetAssi
 
 // ExceedsLimits implements the proto.IngestLimitsServer interface.
 // It returns the number of active streams for a tenant and the status of requested streams.
-func (s *IngestLimits) ExceedsLimits(_ context.Context, req *proto.ExceedsLimitsRequest) (*proto.ExceedsLimitsResponse, error) {
+func (s *IngestLimits) ExceedsLimits(ctx context.Context, req *proto.ExceedsLimitsRequest) (*proto.ExceedsLimitsResponse, error) {
 	var (
 		lastSeenAt = s.clock.Now()
 		// Use the provided lastSeenAt timestamp as the last seen time
@@ -363,11 +376,11 @@ func (s *IngestLimits) ExceedsLimits(_ context.Context, req *proto.ExceedsLimits
 		bucketCutoff = lastSeenAt.Add(-s.cfg.RateWindow).UnixNano()
 		// Calculate the max active streams per tenant per partition
 		maxActiveStreams = uint64(s.limits.MaxGlobalStreamsPerUser(req.Tenant) / s.cfg.NumPartitions)
-		// Create a map of streams per partition
-		streams = make(map[int32][]Stream)
 	)
 
-	for _, stream := range req.Streams {
+	streams := req.Streams
+	valid := 0
+	for _, stream := range streams {
 		partitionID := int32(stream.StreamHash % uint64(s.cfg.NumPartitions))
 
 		// TODO(periklis): Do we need to report this as an error to the frontend?
@@ -376,29 +389,33 @@ func (s *IngestLimits) ExceedsLimits(_ context.Context, req *proto.ExceedsLimits
 			continue
 		}
 
-		streams[partitionID] = append(streams[partitionID], Stream{
-			Hash:       stream.StreamHash,
-			LastSeenAt: recordTime,
-			TotalSize:  stream.TotalSize,
-		})
+		streams[valid] = stream
+		valid++
 	}
+	streams = streams[:valid]
 
-	storeRes := make(map[Reason][]uint64)
-	cond := streamLimitExceeded(maxActiveStreams, storeRes)
+	cond := streamLimitExceeded(maxActiveStreams)
+	accepted, rejected := s.metadata.StoreCond(req.Tenant, streams, recordTime, cutoff, bucketStart, bucketCutoff, cond)
 
-	ingestedBytes := s.metadata.StoreCond(req.Tenant, streams, cutoff, bucketStart, bucketCutoff, cond)
+	var ingestedBytes uint64
+	for _, stream := range accepted {
+		ingestedBytes += stream.TotalSize
 
-	var results []*proto.ExceedsLimitsResult
-	for reason, streamHashes := range storeRes {
-		for _, streamHash := range streamHashes {
-			results = append(results, &proto.ExceedsLimitsResult{
-				StreamHash: streamHash,
-				Reason:     uint32(reason),
-			})
+		err := s.wal.Append(context.WithoutCancel(ctx), req.Tenant, stream)
+		if err != nil {
+			level.Error(s.logger).Log("msg", "failed to append stream metadata to WAL", "error", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	s.metrics.tenantIngestedBytesTotal.WithLabelValues(req.Tenant).Add(float64(ingestedBytes))
 
+	results := make([]*proto.ExceedsLimitsResult, 0, len(rejected))
+	for _, stream := range rejected {
+		results = append(results, &proto.ExceedsLimitsResult{
+			StreamHash: stream.StreamHash,
+			Reason:     uint32(ReasonExceedsMaxStreams),
+		})
+	}
+
 	return &proto.ExceedsLimitsResponse{Results: results}, nil
 }
diff --git a/pkg/limits/ingest_limits_test.go b/pkg/limits/ingest_limits_test.go
index 3d08cb973f..279566f30d 100644
--- a/pkg/limits/ingest_limits_test.go
+++ b/pkg/limits/ingest_limits_test.go
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 		// Expectations.
 		expectedIngestedBytes float64
 		expectedResults       []*proto.ExceedsLimitsResult
+		expectedAppendsTotal  int
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "tenant not found",
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			assignedPartitionIDs: []int32{0},
 			numPartitions:        1,
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
+				numPartitions: 1,
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					{
 						"tenant1": {
@@ -74,6 +76,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			// expect data
 			expectedIngestedBytes: 1010,
+			expectedAppendsTotal:  1,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "all existing streams still active",
@@ -81,6 +84,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			assignedPartitionIDs: []int32{0},
 			numPartitions:        1,
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
+				numPartitions: 1,
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					{
 						"tenant1": {
@@ -109,6 +113,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			// expect data
 			expectedIngestedBytes: 4040,
+			expectedAppendsTotal:  4,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "keep existing active streams and drop new streams",
@@ -116,6 +121,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			assignedPartitionIDs: []int32{0},
 			numPartitions:        1,
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
+				numPartitions: 1,
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					{
 						"tenant1": {
@@ -152,6 +158,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			assignedPartitionIDs: []int32{0},
 			numPartitions:        1,
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
+				numPartitions: 1,
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					{
 						"tenant1": {
@@ -184,6 +191,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 				{StreamHash: 0x2, Reason: uint32(ReasonExceedsMaxStreams)},
 				{StreamHash: 0x4, Reason: uint32(ReasonExceedsMaxStreams)},
 			},
+			expectedAppendsTotal: 3,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "update active streams and re-activate expired streams",
@@ -191,6 +199,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			assignedPartitionIDs: []int32{0},
 			numPartitions:        1,
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
+				numPartitions: 1,
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					{
 						"tenant1": {
@@ -221,6 +230,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			// expect data
 			expectedIngestedBytes: 5050,
+			expectedAppendsTotal:  5,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "drop streams per partition limit",
@@ -228,7 +238,8 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			assignedPartitionIDs: []int32{0, 1},
 			numPartitions:        2,
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
-				locks: make([]stripeLock, 2),
+				numPartitions: 2,
+				locks:         make([]stripeLock, 2),
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream),
 					make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream),
@@ -252,6 +263,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 				{StreamHash: 0x3, Reason: uint32(ReasonExceedsMaxStreams)},
 				{StreamHash: 0x4, Reason: uint32(ReasonExceedsMaxStreams)},
 			},
+			expectedAppendsTotal: 2,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "skip streams assigned to partitions not owned by instance but enforce limit",
@@ -259,7 +271,8 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			assignedPartitionIDs: []int32{0},
 			numPartitions:        2,
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
-				locks: make([]stripeLock, 2),
+				numPartitions: 2,
+				locks:         make([]stripeLock, 2),
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream),
 					make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream),
@@ -282,6 +295,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 			expectedResults: []*proto.ExceedsLimitsResult{
 				{StreamHash: 0x4, Reason: uint32(ReasonExceedsMaxStreams)},
 			},
+			expectedAppendsTotal: 1,
 		},
 	}
 
@@ -292,6 +306,8 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 				MaxGlobalStreams: tt.maxActiveStreams,
 			}
 
+			wal := &mockWAL{t: t, ExpectedAppendsTotal: tt.expectedAppendsTotal}
+
 			s := &IngestLimits{
 				cfg: Config{
 					NumPartitions:  tt.numPartitions,
@@ -319,6 +335,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 				metadata:         tt.metadata,
 				partitionManager: NewPartitionManager(log.NewNopLogger()),
 				clock:            clock,
+				wal:              wal,
 			}
 
 			// Assign the Partition IDs.
@@ -347,6 +364,8 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits(t *testing.T) {
 					break
 				}
 			}
+
+			wal.AssertAppendsTotal()
 		})
 	}
 }
@@ -359,8 +378,11 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits_Concurrent(t *testing.T) {
 		MaxGlobalStreams: 5,
 	}
 
+	wal := &mockWAL{t: t, ExpectedAppendsTotal: 50}
+
 	// Setup test data with a mix of active and expired streams>
 	metadata := &streamMetadata{
+		numPartitions: 1,
 		stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 			{
 				"tenant1": {
@@ -404,6 +426,7 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits_Concurrent(t *testing.T) {
 		metrics:          newMetrics(prometheus.NewRegistry()),
 		limits:           limits,
 		clock:            clock,
+		wal:              wal,
 	}
 
 	// Assign the Partition IDs.
@@ -426,18 +449,20 @@ func TestIngestLimits_ExceedsLimits_Concurrent(t *testing.T) {
 			resp, err := s.ExceedsLimits(context.Background(), req)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			require.NotNil(t, resp)
-			require.Nil(t, resp.Results)
+			require.Empty(t, resp.Results)
 		}()
 	}
 
 	// Wait for all goroutines to complete
 	wg.Wait()
+	wal.AssertAppendsTotal()
 }
 
 func TestNewIngestLimits(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := Config{
 		KafkaConfig: kafka.Config{
-			Topic: "test-topic",
+			Topic:        "test-topic",
+			WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
 		},
 		WindowSize: time.Hour,
 		LifecyclerConfig: ring.LifecyclerConfig{
@@ -464,7 +489,7 @@ func TestNewIngestLimits(t *testing.T) {
 	s, err := NewIngestLimits(cfg, limits, log.NewNopLogger(), prometheus.NewRegistry())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.NotNil(t, s)
-	require.NotNil(t, s.client)
+	require.NotNil(t, s.reader)
 
 	require.Equal(t, cfg, s.cfg)
 
diff --git a/pkg/limits/mock_test.go b/pkg/limits/mock_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a011ed439e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/limits/mock_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package limits
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/loki/v3/pkg/limits/proto"
+)
+
+type mockWAL struct {
+	t                    *testing.T
+	NumAppendsTotal      int
+	ExpectedAppendsTotal int
+	mtx                  sync.Mutex
+}
+
+func (m *mockWAL) Append(_ context.Context, _ string, _ *proto.StreamMetadata) error {
+	m.mtx.Lock()
+	defer m.mtx.Unlock()
+	m.NumAppendsTotal++
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockWAL) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *mockWAL) AssertAppendsTotal() {
+	require.Equal(m.t, m.ExpectedAppendsTotal, m.NumAppendsTotal)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/limits/proto/limits.pb.go b/pkg/limits/proto/limits.pb.go
index fe1f982382..fb9e7481b4 100644
--- a/pkg/limits/proto/limits.pb.go
+++ b/pkg/limits/proto/limits.pb.go
@@ -303,6 +303,65 @@ func (m *StreamMetadata) GetTotalSize() uint64 {
 	return 0
 }
 
+type StreamMetadataRecord struct {
+	Zone     string          `protobuf:"bytes,1,opt,name=zone,proto3" json:"zone,omitempty"`
+	Tenant   string          `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=tenant,proto3" json:"tenant,omitempty"`
+	Metadata *StreamMetadata `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=metadata,proto3" json:"metadata,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) Reset()      { *m = StreamMetadataRecord{} }
+func (*StreamMetadataRecord) ProtoMessage() {}
+func (*StreamMetadataRecord) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return fileDescriptor_aaed9e7d5298ac0f, []int{6}
+}
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) XXX_Unmarshal(b []byte) error {
+	return m.Unmarshal(b)
+}
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) XXX_Marshal(b []byte, deterministic bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	if deterministic {
+		return xxx_messageInfo_StreamMetadataRecord.Marshal(b, m, deterministic)
+	} else {
+		b = b[:cap(b)]
+		n, err := m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(b)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return b[:n], nil
+	}
+}
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) XXX_Merge(src proto.Message) {
+	xxx_messageInfo_StreamMetadataRecord.Merge(m, src)
+}
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) XXX_Size() int {
+	return m.Size()
+}
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) XXX_DiscardUnknown() {
+	xxx_messageInfo_StreamMetadataRecord.DiscardUnknown(m)
+}
+
+var xxx_messageInfo_StreamMetadataRecord proto.InternalMessageInfo
+
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) GetZone() string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Zone
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) GetTenant() string {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Tenant
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) GetMetadata() *StreamMetadata {
+	if m != nil {
+		return m.Metadata
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func init() {
 	proto.RegisterType((*ExceedsLimitsRequest)(nil), "proto.ExceedsLimitsRequest")
 	proto.RegisterType((*ExceedsLimitsResponse)(nil), "proto.ExceedsLimitsResponse")
@@ -311,41 +370,44 @@ func init() {
 	proto.RegisterType((*GetAssignedPartitionsResponse)(nil), "proto.GetAssignedPartitionsResponse")
 	proto.RegisterMapType((map[int32]int64)(nil), "proto.GetAssignedPartitionsResponse.AssignedPartitionsEntry")
 	proto.RegisterType((*StreamMetadata)(nil), "proto.StreamMetadata")
+	proto.RegisterType((*StreamMetadataRecord)(nil), "proto.StreamMetadataRecord")
 }
 
 func init() { proto.RegisterFile("pkg/limits/proto/limits.proto", fileDescriptor_aaed9e7d5298ac0f) }
 
 var fileDescriptor_aaed9e7d5298ac0f = []byte{
-	// 449 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
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-	0xf4, 0x9a, 0xab, 0xc5, 0x8b, 0x10, 0x5a, 0x95, 0x41, 0x89, 0x7b, 0x97, 0xc7, 0x58, 0xd0, 0xef,
-	0xff, 0x4f, 0xd6, 0x8a, 0x3d, 0xdd, 0x99, 0xcd, 0x25, 0x3b, 0x9a, 0x4b, 0x76, 0x3c, 0x97, 0xfc,
-	0x4b, 0x2e, 0xf9, 0xb7, 0x5c, 0xf2, 0x1f, 0xb9, 0xe4, 0xb3, 0x5c, 0xf2, 0x5f, 0xb9, 0xe4, 0xbf,
-	0x73, 0xc9, 0x8e, 0x73, 0xc9, 0xbf, 0x2e, 0x24, 0x9b, 0x2d, 0x24, 0x3b, 0x5a, 0x48, 0xf6, 0x76,
-	0xdd, 0xc3, 0x1f, 0xfc, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x14, 0x3f, 0x94, 0x86, 0xd5, 0x03, 0x00,
-	0x00,
+	// 487 bytes of a gzipped FileDescriptorProto
+	0x1f, 0x8b, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0xff, 0xac, 0x92, 0xbf, 0x6e, 0x13, 0x41,
+	0x10, 0xc6, 0x6f, 0xed, 0x38, 0x21, 0x03, 0x41, 0x68, 0xb1, 0xe1, 0x64, 0x9c, 0x95, 0x75, 0x50,
+	0xb8, 0xb2, 0x85, 0x49, 0x81, 0x10, 0x0d, 0x48, 0xe6, 0x8f, 0x14, 0x23, 0xb4, 0x79, 0x00, 0xb4,
+	0xe4, 0x46, 0xe6, 0x94, 0xf3, 0x9e, 0xb9, 0x9d, 0x43, 0x24, 0x15, 0x8f, 0xc0, 0x63, 0xf0, 0x1c,
+	0x54, 0x94, 0x2e, 0x28, 0x52, 0xe2, 0x73, 0x43, 0x99, 0x47, 0x40, 0xd9, 0x5b, 0x83, 0xed, 0xd8,
+	0x81, 0x82, 0xca, 0x3b, 0x3b, 0x9f, 0xbf, 0xb9, 0x6f, 0xe7, 0x07, 0xbb, 0xa3, 0xa3, 0x41, 0x27,
+	0x8e, 0x86, 0x11, 0x99, 0xce, 0x28, 0x4d, 0x28, 0x71, 0x45, 0xdb, 0x16, 0xbc, 0x62, 0x7f, 0x82,
+	0x37, 0x50, 0xed, 0x7d, 0x3c, 0x44, 0x0c, 0xcd, 0xbe, 0xed, 0x4a, 0x7c, 0x9f, 0xa1, 0x21, 0x7e,
+	0x0b, 0x36, 0x09, 0xb5, 0xd2, 0xe4, 0xb3, 0x26, 0x6b, 0x6d, 0x4b, 0x57, 0xf1, 0x0e, 0x6c, 0x19,
+	0x4a, 0x51, 0x0d, 0x8d, 0x5f, 0x6a, 0x96, 0x5b, 0x57, 0xbb, 0xb5, 0xc2, 0xaf, 0x7d, 0x60, 0x6f,
+	0xfb, 0x48, 0x2a, 0x54, 0xa4, 0xe4, 0x4c, 0x15, 0xf4, 0xa1, 0xb6, 0x34, 0xc0, 0x8c, 0x12, 0x6d,
+	0x90, 0xef, 0xc1, 0x56, 0x8a, 0x26, 0x8b, 0xc9, 0xf8, 0xcc, 0x3a, 0xd5, 0x9d, 0xd3, 0xb2, 0x3c,
+	0x8b, 0x49, 0xce, 0xa4, 0x41, 0x1f, 0x6e, 0xae, 0xe8, 0x73, 0x01, 0x50, 0x0c, 0x7c, 0xa1, 0xcc,
+	0x3b, 0xfb, 0xc9, 0x1b, 0x72, 0xee, 0xe6, 0x3c, 0x4e, 0x8a, 0xca, 0x24, 0xda, 0x2f, 0x35, 0x59,
+	0x6b, 0x47, 0xba, 0x2a, 0x10, 0xd0, 0x78, 0x8e, 0xf4, 0xc4, 0x98, 0x68, 0xa0, 0x31, 0x7c, 0xad,
+	0x52, 0x8a, 0x28, 0x4a, 0xf4, 0xec, 0x19, 0x82, 0xef, 0x0c, 0x76, 0xd7, 0x08, 0x5c, 0x8c, 0x18,
+	0xb8, 0xba, 0xd0, 0x75, 0x89, 0x1e, 0xbb, 0x44, 0x97, 0x3a, 0xb4, 0x2f, 0xb6, 0x7a, 0x9a, 0xd2,
+	0x63, 0xb9, 0xc2, 0xb7, 0xde, 0x83, 0xdb, 0x6b, 0xe4, 0xfc, 0x06, 0x94, 0x8f, 0xf0, 0xd8, 0x66,
+	0xaf, 0xc8, 0xf3, 0x23, 0xaf, 0x42, 0xe5, 0x83, 0x8a, 0x33, 0xb4, 0x99, 0xcb, 0xb2, 0x28, 0x1e,
+	0x95, 0x1e, 0xb2, 0xe0, 0x15, 0x5c, 0x5f, 0xdc, 0xd7, 0x5f, 0x1f, 0xb0, 0x01, 0xdb, 0x94, 0x90,
+	0x8a, 0x0f, 0xa2, 0x93, 0xc2, 0x6f, 0x43, 0xfe, 0xb9, 0x08, 0x32, 0xa8, 0x2e, 0xed, 0x1f, 0x0f,
+	0x93, 0x34, 0xe4, 0x1c, 0x36, 0x4e, 0x12, 0x8d, 0x8e, 0x21, 0x7b, 0x9e, 0x23, 0xab, 0xb4, 0x40,
+	0xd6, 0x7d, 0xb8, 0x32, 0x74, 0xff, 0xf6, 0xcb, 0x4d, 0xb6, 0x1e, 0xad, 0xdf, 0xb2, 0x6e, 0x08,
+	0xd5, 0x97, 0x7a, 0x80, 0x86, 0x0a, 0x16, 0x9e, 0xa5, 0x89, 0x26, 0xd4, 0x21, 0xdf, 0x87, 0x9d,
+	0x05, 0x48, 0xf8, 0x9d, 0xd5, 0x68, 0xd9, 0x1d, 0xd7, 0x1b, 0x6b, 0xb8, 0xb3, 0xdb, 0x09, 0xbc,
+	0xee, 0x57, 0x06, 0xd7, 0xe6, 0xc7, 0xfc, 0x5f, 0x7b, 0x1e, 0x42, 0x6d, 0x25, 0x1f, 0xfc, 0xee,
+	0xe5, 0xf4, 0x14, 0xee, 0xf7, 0xfe, 0x05, 0xb1, 0xc0, 0x7b, 0xba, 0x37, 0x9e, 0x08, 0xef, 0x74,
+	0x22, 0xbc, 0xb3, 0x89, 0x60, 0x9f, 0x72, 0xc1, 0xbe, 0xe4, 0x82, 0x7d, 0xcb, 0x05, 0x1b, 0xe7,
+	0x82, 0xfd, 0xc8, 0x05, 0xfb, 0x99, 0x0b, 0xef, 0x2c, 0x17, 0xec, 0xf3, 0x54, 0x78, 0xe3, 0xa9,
+	0xf0, 0x4e, 0xa7, 0xc2, 0x7b, 0xbb, 0x69, 0xcd, 0x1f, 0xfc, 0x0a, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x36,
+	0x1b, 0xa0, 0x70, 0x4c, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00,
 }
 
 func (this *ExceedsLimitsRequest) Equal(that interface{}) bool {
@@ -513,6 +575,36 @@ func (this *StreamMetadata) Equal(that interface{}) bool {
 	}
 	return true
 }
+func (this *StreamMetadataRecord) Equal(that interface{}) bool {
+	if that == nil {
+		return this == nil
+	}
+
+	that1, ok := that.(*StreamMetadataRecord)
+	if !ok {
+		that2, ok := that.(StreamMetadataRecord)
+		if ok {
+			that1 = &that2
+		} else {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	if that1 == nil {
+		return this == nil
+	} else if this == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if this.Zone != that1.Zone {
+		return false
+	}
+	if this.Tenant != that1.Tenant {
+		return false
+	}
+	if !this.Metadata.Equal(that1.Metadata) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
 func (this *ExceedsLimitsRequest) GoString() string {
 	if this == nil {
 		return "nil"
@@ -591,6 +683,20 @@ func (this *StreamMetadata) GoString() string {
 	s = append(s, "}")
 	return strings.Join(s, "")
 }
+func (this *StreamMetadataRecord) GoString() string {
+	if this == nil {
+		return "nil"
+	}
+	s := make([]string, 0, 7)
+	s = append(s, "&proto.StreamMetadataRecord{")
+	s = append(s, "Zone: "+fmt.Sprintf("%#v", this.Zone)+",\n")
+	s = append(s, "Tenant: "+fmt.Sprintf("%#v", this.Tenant)+",\n")
+	if this.Metadata != nil {
+		s = append(s, "Metadata: "+fmt.Sprintf("%#v", this.Metadata)+",\n")
+	}
+	s = append(s, "}")
+	return strings.Join(s, "")
+}
 func valueToGoStringLimits(v interface{}, typ string) string {
 	rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
 	if rv.IsNil() {
@@ -996,6 +1102,55 @@ func (m *StreamMetadata) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
 }
 
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) Marshal() (dAtA []byte, err error) {
+	size := m.Size()
+	dAtA = make([]byte, size)
+	n, err := m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:size])
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return dAtA[:n], nil
+}
+
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) MarshalTo(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	size := m.Size()
+	return m.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:size])
+}
+
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA []byte) (int, error) {
+	i := len(dAtA)
+	_ = i
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	if m.Metadata != nil {
+		{
+			size, err := m.Metadata.MarshalToSizedBuffer(dAtA[:i])
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+			i -= size
+			i = encodeVarintLimits(dAtA, i, uint64(size))
+		}
+		i--
+		dAtA[i] = 0x1a
+	}
+	if len(m.Tenant) > 0 {
+		i -= len(m.Tenant)
+		copy(dAtA[i:], m.Tenant)
+		i = encodeVarintLimits(dAtA, i, uint64(len(m.Tenant)))
+		i--
+		dAtA[i] = 0x12
+	}
+	if len(m.Zone) > 0 {
+		i -= len(m.Zone)
+		copy(dAtA[i:], m.Zone)
+		i = encodeVarintLimits(dAtA, i, uint64(len(m.Zone)))
+		i--
+		dAtA[i] = 0xa
+	}
+	return len(dAtA) - i, nil
+}
+
 func encodeVarintLimits(dAtA []byte, offset int, v uint64) int {
 	offset -= sovLimits(v)
 	base := offset
@@ -1097,6 +1252,27 @@ func (m *StreamMetadata) Size() (n int) {
 	return n
 }
 
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) Size() (n int) {
+	if m == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	var l int
+	_ = l
+	l = len(m.Zone)
+	if l > 0 {
+		n += 1 + l + sovLimits(uint64(l))
+	}
+	l = len(m.Tenant)
+	if l > 0 {
+		n += 1 + l + sovLimits(uint64(l))
+	}
+	if m.Metadata != nil {
+		l = m.Metadata.Size()
+		n += 1 + l + sovLimits(uint64(l))
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
 func sovLimits(x uint64) (n int) {
 	return (math_bits.Len64(x|1) + 6) / 7
 }
@@ -1185,6 +1361,18 @@ func (this *StreamMetadata) String() string {
 	}, "")
 	return s
 }
+func (this *StreamMetadataRecord) String() string {
+	if this == nil {
+		return "nil"
+	}
+	s := strings.Join([]string{`&StreamMetadataRecord{`,
+		`Zone:` + fmt.Sprintf("%v", this.Zone) + `,`,
+		`Tenant:` + fmt.Sprintf("%v", this.Tenant) + `,`,
+		`Metadata:` + strings.Replace(this.Metadata.String(), "StreamMetadata", "StreamMetadata", 1) + `,`,
+		`}`,
+	}, "")
+	return s
+}
 func valueToStringLimits(v interface{}) string {
 	rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
 	if rv.IsNil() {
@@ -1786,6 +1974,159 @@ func (m *StreamMetadata) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+func (m *StreamMetadataRecord) Unmarshal(dAtA []byte) error {
+	l := len(dAtA)
+	iNdEx := 0
+	for iNdEx < l {
+		preIndex := iNdEx
+		var wire uint64
+		for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+			if shift >= 64 {
+				return ErrIntOverflowLimits
+			}
+			if iNdEx >= l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+			iNdEx++
+			wire |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+			if b < 0x80 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		fieldNum := int32(wire >> 3)
+		wireType := int(wire & 0x7)
+		if wireType == 4 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proto: StreamMetadataRecord: wiretype end group for non-group")
+		}
+		if fieldNum <= 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("proto: StreamMetadataRecord: illegal tag %d (wire type %d)", fieldNum, wire)
+		}
+		switch fieldNum {
+		case 1:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Zone", wireType)
+			}
+			var stringLen uint64
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowLimits
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				stringLen |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			intStringLen := int(stringLen)
+			if intStringLen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthLimits
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + intStringLen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthLimits
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.Zone = string(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex])
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		case 2:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Tenant", wireType)
+			}
+			var stringLen uint64
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowLimits
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				stringLen |= uint64(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			intStringLen := int(stringLen)
+			if intStringLen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthLimits
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + intStringLen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthLimits
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			m.Tenant = string(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex])
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		case 3:
+			if wireType != 2 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("proto: wrong wireType = %d for field Metadata", wireType)
+			}
+			var msglen int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return ErrIntOverflowLimits
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				msglen |= int(b&0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if msglen < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthLimits
+			}
+			postIndex := iNdEx + msglen
+			if postIndex < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthLimits
+			}
+			if postIndex > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			if m.Metadata == nil {
+				m.Metadata = &StreamMetadata{}
+			}
+			if err := m.Metadata.Unmarshal(dAtA[iNdEx:postIndex]); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			iNdEx = postIndex
+		default:
+			iNdEx = preIndex
+			skippy, err := skipLimits(dAtA[iNdEx:])
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if skippy < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthLimits
+			}
+			if (iNdEx + skippy) < 0 {
+				return ErrInvalidLengthLimits
+			}
+			if (iNdEx + skippy) > l {
+				return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			iNdEx += skippy
+		}
+	}
+
+	if iNdEx > l {
+		return io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return nil
+}
 func skipLimits(dAtA []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	l := len(dAtA)
 	iNdEx := 0
diff --git a/pkg/limits/proto/limits.proto b/pkg/limits/proto/limits.proto
index 963d6ab517..5cd39ac881 100644
--- a/pkg/limits/proto/limits.proto
+++ b/pkg/limits/proto/limits.proto
@@ -35,3 +35,9 @@ message StreamMetadata {
   uint64 streamHash = 1;
   uint64 totalSize = 2;
 }
+
+message StreamMetadataRecord {
+  string zone = 1;
+  string tenant = 2;
+  StreamMetadata metadata = 3;
+}
diff --git a/pkg/limits/stream_metadata.go b/pkg/limits/stream_metadata.go
index 91ee64966f..f978e6451f 100644
--- a/pkg/limits/stream_metadata.go
+++ b/pkg/limits/stream_metadata.go
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package limits
 import (
 	"hash/fnv"
 	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/loki/v3/pkg/limits/proto"
 )
 
 // AllFunc is a function that is called for each stream in the metadata.
@@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ type UsageFunc = func(partitionID int32, stream Stream)
 // CondFunc is a function that is called for each stream in the metadata.
 // It is used to check if the stream should be stored.
 // It returns true if the stream should be stored, false otherwise.
-type CondFunc = func(acc float64, stream Stream) bool
+type CondFunc = func(acc float64, stream *proto.StreamMetadata) bool
 
 // StreamMetadata represents the ingest limits interface for the stream metadata.
 type StreamMetadata interface {
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ type StreamMetadata interface {
 
 	// StoreCond tries to store a list of streams for a specific tenant and partition,
 	// until the partition limit is reached. It returns the total ingested bytes.
-	StoreCond(tenant string, streams map[int32][]Stream, cutoff, bucketStart, bucketCutOff int64, cond CondFunc) uint64
+	StoreCond(tenant string, streams []*proto.StreamMetadata, lastSeenAt, cutoff, bucketStart, bucketCutOff int64, cond CondFunc) ([]*proto.StreamMetadata, []*proto.StreamMetadata)
 
 	// Store updates or creates the stream metadata for a specific tenant and partition.
 	Store(tenant string, partitionID int32, streamHash, recTotalSize uint64, recordTime, bucketStart, bucketCutOff int64)
@@ -67,14 +69,16 @@ type stripeLock struct {
 }
 
 type streamMetadata struct {
-	stripes []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream // stripe -> tenant -> partitionID -> streamMetadata
-	locks   []stripeLock
+	numPartitions int
+	stripes       []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream // stripe -> tenant -> partitionID -> streamMetadata
+	locks         []stripeLock
 }
 
-func NewStreamMetadata(size int) StreamMetadata {
+func NewStreamMetadata(numPartitions int) StreamMetadata {
 	s := &streamMetadata{
-		stripes: make([]map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream, size),
-		locks:   make([]stripeLock, size),
+		numPartitions: numPartitions,
+		stripes:       make([]map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream, numPartitions),
+		locks:         make([]stripeLock, numPartitions),
 	}
 	for i := range s.stripes {
 		s.stripes[i] = make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)
@@ -104,56 +108,58 @@ func (s *streamMetadata) Usage(tenant string, fn UsageFunc) {
 	})
 }
 
-func (s *streamMetadata) StoreCond(tenant string, streams map[int32][]Stream, cutoff, bucketStart, bucketCutOff int64, cond CondFunc) uint64 {
-	var ingestedBytes uint64
+func (s *streamMetadata) StoreCond(tenant string, streams []*proto.StreamMetadata, lastSeenAt, cutoff, bucketStart, bucketCutOff int64, cond CondFunc) ([]*proto.StreamMetadata, []*proto.StreamMetadata) {
+	stored := make([]*proto.StreamMetadata, 0, len(streams))
+	rejected := make([]*proto.StreamMetadata, 0, len(streams))
+
 	s.withLock(tenant, func(i int) {
 		if _, ok := s.stripes[i][tenant]; !ok {
 			s.stripes[i][tenant] = make(map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)
 		}
 
-		for partitionID, streams := range streams {
+		activeStreams := make(map[int32]int)
+
+		for _, stream := range streams {
+			partitionID := int32(stream.StreamHash % uint64(s.numPartitions))
+
 			if _, ok := s.stripes[i][tenant][partitionID]; !ok {
 				s.stripes[i][tenant][partitionID] = make(map[uint64]Stream)
 			}
 
-			var (
-				activeStreams = 0
-				newStreams    = 0
-			)
-
-			// Count as active streams all stream that are not expired.
-			for _, stored := range s.stripes[i][tenant][partitionID] {
-				if stored.LastSeenAt >= cutoff {
-					activeStreams++
+			// Count as active streams all streams that are not expired.
+			if _, ok := activeStreams[partitionID]; !ok {
+				for _, stored := range s.stripes[i][tenant][partitionID] {
+					if stored.LastSeenAt >= cutoff {
+						activeStreams[partitionID]++
+					}
 				}
 			}
 
-			for _, stream := range streams {
-				stored, found := s.stripes[i][tenant][partitionID][stream.Hash]
+			recorded, found := s.stripes[i][tenant][partitionID][stream.StreamHash]
 
-				// If the stream is new or expired, check if it exceeds the limit.
-				// If limit is not exceeded and the stream is expired, reset the stream.
-				if !found || (stored.LastSeenAt < cutoff) {
-					// Count up the new stream before updating
-					newStreams++
+			// If the stream is new or expired, check if it exceeds the limit.
+			// If limit is not exceeded and the stream is expired, reset the stream.
+			if !found || (recorded.LastSeenAt < cutoff) {
+				activeStreams[partitionID]++
 
-					if !cond(float64(activeStreams+newStreams), stream) {
-						continue
-					}
+				if !cond(float64(activeStreams[partitionID]), stream) {
+					rejected = append(rejected, stream)
+					continue
+				}
 
-					// If the stream is stored and expired, reset the stream
-					if found && stored.LastSeenAt < cutoff {
-						s.stripes[i][tenant][partitionID][stream.Hash] = Stream{Hash: stream.Hash, LastSeenAt: stream.LastSeenAt}
-					}
+				// If the stream is stored and expired, reset the stream
+				if found && recorded.LastSeenAt < cutoff {
+					s.stripes[i][tenant][partitionID][stream.StreamHash] = Stream{Hash: stream.StreamHash, LastSeenAt: lastSeenAt}
 				}
+			}
 
-				s.storeStream(i, tenant, partitionID, stream.Hash, stream.TotalSize, stream.LastSeenAt, bucketStart, bucketCutOff)
+			s.storeStream(i, tenant, partitionID, stream.StreamHash, stream.TotalSize, lastSeenAt, bucketStart, bucketCutOff)
 
-				ingestedBytes += stream.TotalSize
-			}
+			stored = append(stored, stream)
 		}
 	})
-	return ingestedBytes
+
+	return stored, rejected
 }
 
 func (s *streamMetadata) Store(tenant string, partitionID int32, streamHash, recTotalSize uint64, recordTime, bucketStart, bucketCutOff int64) {
@@ -300,12 +306,8 @@ func (s *streamMetadata) getStripe(tenant string) int {
 
 // streamLimitExceeded returns a CondFunc that checks if the number of active streams
 // exceeds the given limit. If it does, the stream is added to the results map.
-func streamLimitExceeded(limit uint64, results map[Reason][]uint64) CondFunc {
-	return func(acc float64, stream Stream) bool {
-		if acc > float64(limit) {
-			results[ReasonExceedsMaxStreams] = append(results[ReasonExceedsMaxStreams], stream.Hash)
-			return false
-		}
-		return true
+func streamLimitExceeded(limit uint64) CondFunc {
+	return func(acc float64, _ *proto.StreamMetadata) bool {
+		return acc <= float64(limit)
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/limits/stream_metadata_test.go b/pkg/limits/stream_metadata_test.go
index b66cff0252..27a6442683 100644
--- a/pkg/limits/stream_metadata_test.go
+++ b/pkg/limits/stream_metadata_test.go
@@ -497,13 +497,12 @@ func TestStreamMetadata_StoreCond(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// setup data
 		metadata         *streamMetadata
-		streams          map[int32][]Stream
+		streams          []*proto.StreamMetadata
 		maxActiveStreams uint64
 
 		// expectations
-		expectedStored        map[string]map[int32][]Stream
-		expectedDropped       map[Reason][]uint64
-		expectedIngestedBytes uint64
+		expectedStored   []*proto.StreamMetadata
+		expectedRejected []*proto.StreamMetadata
 	}{
 		{
 			name: "no streams",
@@ -511,118 +510,91 @@ func TestStreamMetadata_StoreCond(t *testing.T) {
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)},
 				locks:   make([]stripeLock, 1),
 			},
-			streams:          map[int32][]Stream{},
 			maxActiveStreams: 10,
-			expectedStored:   map[string]map[int32][]Stream{},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "all streams within partition limit",
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
-				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)},
-				locks:   make([]stripeLock, 1),
+				numPartitions: 1,
+				stripes:       []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)},
+				locks:         make([]stripeLock, 1),
+			},
+			streams: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
-			streams: map[int32][]Stream{0: {
-				{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-			}},
 			maxActiveStreams: 2,
-			expectedStored: map[string]map[int32][]Stream{
-				"tenant1": {
-					0: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-						{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					},
-				},
+			expectedStored: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
-			expectedIngestedBytes: 2000,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "all stream within limit per partition",
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
-				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)},
-				locks:   make([]stripeLock, 2),
+				numPartitions: 1,
+				stripes:       []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)},
+				locks:         make([]stripeLock, 1),
 			},
-			streams: map[int32][]Stream{
-				0: {
-					{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				},
-				1: {
-					{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				},
+			streams: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
 			maxActiveStreams: 2,
-			expectedStored: map[string]map[int32][]Stream{
-				"tenant1": {
-					0: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					},
-					1: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					},
-				},
+			expectedStored: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
-			expectedIngestedBytes: 2000,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "some streams dropped",
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
-				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)},
-				locks:   make([]stripeLock, 1),
+				numPartitions: 1,
+				stripes:       []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)},
+				locks:         make([]stripeLock, 1),
 			},
-			streams: map[int32][]Stream{
-				0: {
-					{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				},
+			streams: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
 			maxActiveStreams: 1,
-			expectedStored: map[string]map[int32][]Stream{
-				"tenant1": {
-					0: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					},
-				},
+			expectedStored: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
-			expectedIngestedBytes: 1000,
-			expectedDropped: map[Reason][]uint64{
-				ReasonExceedsMaxStreams: {0x1},
+			expectedRejected: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "some streams dropped per partition",
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
-				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream)},
-				locks:   make([]stripeLock, 2),
-			},
-			streams: map[int32][]Stream{
-				0: {
-					{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				},
-				1: {
-					{Hash: 0x2, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					{Hash: 0x3, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
+				numPartitions: 2,
+				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
+					make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream),
+					make(map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream),
 				},
+				locks: make([]stripeLock, 2),
+			},
+			streams: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000}, // 0 % 2 = 0
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000}, // 1 % 2 = 1
+				{StreamHash: 0x2, TotalSize: 1000}, // 2 % 2 = 0
+				{StreamHash: 0x3, TotalSize: 1000}, // 3 % 2 = 1
 			},
 			maxActiveStreams: 1,
-			expectedStored: map[string]map[int32][]Stream{
-				"tenant1": {
-					0: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					},
-					1: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x2, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					},
-				},
+			expectedStored: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
-			expectedIngestedBytes: 2000,
-			expectedDropped: map[Reason][]uint64{
-				ReasonExceedsMaxStreams: {0x1, 0x3},
+			expectedRejected: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x2, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x3, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "some streams dropped from a single partition",
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
+				numPartitions: 2,
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					{
 						"tenant1": {
@@ -634,84 +606,64 @@ func TestStreamMetadata_StoreCond(t *testing.T) {
 					}},
 				locks: make([]stripeLock, 2),
 			},
-			streams: map[int32][]Stream{
-				0: {
-					{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				},
-				1: {
-					{Hash: 0x2, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					{Hash: 0x3, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				},
+			streams: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x3, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x5, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
 			maxActiveStreams: 2,
-			expectedStored: map[string]map[int32][]Stream{
-				"tenant1": {
-					0: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					},
-					1: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-						{Hash: 0x2, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					},
-				},
+			expectedStored: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x3, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
-			expectedIngestedBytes: 2000,
-			expectedDropped: map[Reason][]uint64{
-				ReasonExceedsMaxStreams: {0x3},
+			expectedRejected: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x5, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "drops new streams but updates existing streams",
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
+				numPartitions: 2,
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					{
 						"tenant1": {
 							0: {
 								0x0: {Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-								0x1: {Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
+								0x4: {Hash: 0x4, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
 							},
 							1: {
+								0x1: {Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
 								0x3: {Hash: 0x3, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-								0x4: {Hash: 0x4, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
 							},
 						},
 					},
 				},
-				locks: make([]stripeLock, 1),
+				locks: make([]stripeLock, 2),
 			},
-			streams: map[int32][]Stream{
-				0: { // Mixed order of new and existing streams
-					{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					{Hash: 0x2, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				},
-				1: { // Mixed order of new and existing streams
-					{Hash: 0x3, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					{Hash: 0x5, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					{Hash: 0x4, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				},
+			streams: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000}, // 0 % 2 = 0 Existing
+				{StreamHash: 0x2, TotalSize: 1000}, // 2 % 2 = 0 New
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000}, // 1 % 2 = 1 Existing
+				{StreamHash: 0x3, TotalSize: 1000}, // 3 % 2 = 1 Existing
+				{StreamHash: 0x5, TotalSize: 1000}, // 5 % 2 = 1 New
+				{StreamHash: 0x4, TotalSize: 1000}, // 4 % 2 = 0 Existing
 			},
 			maxActiveStreams: 2,
-			expectedStored: map[string]map[int32][]Stream{
-				"tenant1": {
-					0: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 2000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 2000}}},
-						{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 2000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 2000}}},
-					},
-					1: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x3, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 2000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 2000}}},
-						{Hash: 0x4, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 2000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 2000}}},
-					},
-				},
+			expectedStored: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x3, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x4, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
-			expectedIngestedBytes: 4000,
-			expectedDropped: map[Reason][]uint64{
-				ReasonExceedsMaxStreams: {0x2, 0x5},
+			expectedRejected: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x2, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x5, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "reset expired but not evicted streams",
 			metadata: &streamMetadata{
+				numPartitions: 1,
 				stripes: []map[string]map[int32]map[uint64]Stream{
 					{
 						"tenant1": {
@@ -725,54 +677,25 @@ func TestStreamMetadata_StoreCond(t *testing.T) {
 				locks: make([]stripeLock, 1),
 			},
 			maxActiveStreams: 2,
-			streams: map[int32][]Stream{
-				0: {
-					{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-					{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-				},
+			streams: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
-			expectedIngestedBytes: 2000,
-			expectedStored: map[string]map[int32][]Stream{
-				"tenant1": {
-					0: []Stream{
-						{Hash: 0x0, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 1000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 1000}}},
-						{Hash: 0x1, LastSeenAt: now.UnixNano(), TotalSize: 2000, RateBuckets: []RateBucket{{Timestamp: bucketStart, Size: 2000}}},
-					},
-				},
+			expectedStored: []*proto.StreamMetadata{
+				{StreamHash: 0x0, TotalSize: 1000},
+				{StreamHash: 0x1, TotalSize: 1000},
 			},
 		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tt := range tests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			actualDropped := make(map[Reason][]uint64)
-			cond := streamLimitExceeded(tt.maxActiveStreams, actualDropped)
-
-			actualIngestedBytes := tt.metadata.StoreCond("tenant1", tt.streams, cutoff, bucketStart, bucketCutOff, cond)
+			cond := streamLimitExceeded(tt.maxActiveStreams)
 
-			actualStored := make(map[string]map[int32][]Stream)
-			tt.metadata.All(func(tenant string, partitionID int32, stream Stream) {
-				if _, ok := actualStored[tenant]; !ok {
-					actualStored[tenant] = make(map[int32][]Stream)
-				}
-				actualStored[tenant][partitionID] = append(actualStored[tenant][partitionID], stream)
-			})
-
-			for tenant, partitions := range tt.expectedStored {
-				require.Len(t, actualStored[tenant], len(partitions))
-
-				for partitionID, streams := range partitions {
-					require.Len(t, actualStored[tenant][partitionID], len(streams))
-					require.ElementsMatch(t, streams, actualStored[tenant][partitionID])
-				}
-			}
-
-			for reason, streamHashes := range tt.expectedDropped {
-				require.Contains(t, actualDropped, reason)
-				require.ElementsMatch(t, streamHashes, actualDropped[reason])
-			}
+			stored, rejected := tt.metadata.StoreCond("tenant1", tt.streams, now.UnixNano(), cutoff, bucketStart, bucketCutOff, cond)
 
-			require.Equal(t, tt.expectedIngestedBytes, actualIngestedBytes)
+			require.ElementsMatch(t, tt.expectedStored, stored)
+			require.ElementsMatch(t, tt.expectedRejected, rejected)
 		})
 	}
 }
diff --git a/pkg/limits/wal.go b/pkg/limits/wal.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ca936fd60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/limits/wal.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package limits
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/go-kit/log"
+	"github.com/go-kit/log/level"
+	"github.com/twmb/franz-go/pkg/kgo"
+
+	"github.com/grafana/loki/v3/pkg/limits/proto"
+)
+
+type WAL interface {
+	// Append writes the metadata record to the end of the WAL.
+	Append(ctx context.Context, tenant string, metadata *proto.StreamMetadata) error
+
+	// Close closes the WAL.
+	Close() error
+}
+
+// KafkaWAL is a write-ahead log on top of Kafka.
+type KafkaWAL struct {
+	client     *kgo.Client
+	topic      string
+	partitions uint64
+	logger     log.Logger
+}
+
+func NewKafkaWAL(client *kgo.Client, topic string, partitions uint64, logger log.Logger) *KafkaWAL {
+	return &KafkaWAL{
+		client:     client,
+		topic:      topic,
+		partitions: partitions,
+		logger:     logger,
+	}
+}
+
+// Append implements the WAL interface.
+func (w *KafkaWAL) Append(ctx context.Context, tenant string, metadata *proto.StreamMetadata) error {
+	v := proto.StreamMetadataRecord{
+		Tenant:   tenant,
+		Metadata: metadata,
+	}
+	b, err := v.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal proto: %w", err)
+	}
+	// The stream metadata topic expects a fixed number of partitions,
+	// the size of which is determined ahead of time. Streams are
+	// sharded over partitions using a simple mod.
+	partition := int32(metadata.StreamHash % w.partitions)
+	r := kgo.Record{
+		Key:       []byte(tenant),
+		Value:     b,
+		Partition: partition,
+		Topic:     w.topic,
+	}
+	w.client.Produce(ctx, &r, w.logProduceErr)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close implements the WAL interface.
+func (w *KafkaWAL) Close() error {
+	w.client.Close()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *KafkaWAL) logProduceErr(_ *kgo.Record, err error) {
+	if err != nil {
+		level.Error(w.logger).Log("msg", "failed to produce record", "err", err.Error())
+	}
+}