Support long distance matching for zstd compression

zstd compression supports a special mode for finding matched in distant
past, which may result in better compression ratio, at the expense of
using more memory (the window size is 128MB).

To enable this optional mode, use the "long" keyword when specifying the
compression method (--compress=zstd:long).

Author: Justin Pryzby
Reviewed-by: Tomas Vondra, Jacob Champion
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20230224191840.GD1653@telsasoft.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20220327205020.GM28503@telsasoft.com

doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml

@@ -2729,7 +2729,8 @@ psql "dbname=postgres replication=database" -c "IDENTIFY_SYSTEM;"
            level.  Otherwise, it should be a comma-separated list of items,
            each of the form <replaceable>keyword</replaceable> or
            <replaceable>keyword=value</replaceable>. Currently, the supported
-           keywords are <literal>level</literal> and <literal>workers</literal>.
+           keywords are <literal>level</literal>, <literal>long</literal> and
+           <literal>workers</literal>.
           </para>
 
           <para>
@@ -2746,6 +2747,13 @@ psql "dbname=postgres replication=database" -c "IDENTIFY_SYSTEM;"
            <literal>3</literal>).
           </para>
 
+          <para>
+           The <literal>long</literal> keyword enables long-distance matching
+           mode, for improved compression ratio, at the expense of higher memory
+           use.  Long-distance mode is supported only for
+           <literal>zstd</literal>.
+          </para>
+
           <para>
            The <literal>workers</literal> keyword sets the number of threads
            that should be used for parallel compression. Parallel compression

doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_basebackup.sgml

@@ -424,8 +424,8 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
         level.  Otherwise, it should be a comma-separated list of items,
         each of the form <literal>keyword</literal> or
         <literal>keyword=value</literal>.
-        Currently, the supported keywords are <literal>level</literal>
-        and <literal>workers</literal>.
+        Currently, the supported keywords are <literal>level</literal>,
+        <literal>long</literal>, and <literal>workers</literal>.
         The detail string cannot be used when the compression method
         is specified as a plain integer.
        </para>

doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_dump.sgml

@@ -681,6 +681,8 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
         as though it had been fed through <application>gzip</application>,
         <application>lz4</application>, or <application>zstd</application>;
         but the default is not to compress.
+        With zstd compression, <literal>long</literal> mode may improve the
+        compression ratio, at the cost of increased memory use.
        </para>
        <para>
         The tar archive format currently does not support compression at all.

src/backend/backup/basebackup_zstd.c

@@ -118,6 +118,18 @@ bbsink_zstd_begin_backup(bbsink *sink)
 						   compress->workers, ZSTD_getErrorName(ret)));
 	}
 
+	if ((compress->options & PG_COMPRESSION_OPTION_LONG_DISTANCE) != 0)
+	{
+		ret = ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(mysink->cctx,
+									 ZSTD_c_enableLongDistanceMatching,
+									 compress->long_distance);
+		if (ZSTD_isError(ret))
+			ereport(ERROR,
+					errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
+					errmsg("could not set compression flag for %s: %s",
+						   "long", ZSTD_getErrorName(ret)));
+	}
+
 	/*
 	 * We need our own buffer, because we're going to pass different data to
 	 * the next sink than what gets passed to us.

src/bin/pg_basebackup/bbstreamer_zstd.c

@@ -106,6 +106,19 @@ bbstreamer_zstd_compressor_new(bbstreamer *next, pg_compress_specification *comp
 					 compress->workers, ZSTD_getErrorName(ret));
 	}
 
+	if ((compress->options & PG_COMPRESSION_OPTION_LONG_DISTANCE) != 0)
+	{
+		ret = ZSTD_CCtx_setParameter(streamer->cctx,
+									 ZSTD_c_enableLongDistanceMatching,
+									 compress->long_distance);
+		if (ZSTD_isError(ret))
+		{
+			pg_log_error("could not set compression flag for %s: %s",
+						 "long", ZSTD_getErrorName(ret));
+			exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
 	/* Initialize the ZSTD output buffer. */
 	streamer->zstd_outBuf.dst = streamer->base.bbs_buffer.data;
 	streamer->zstd_outBuf.size = streamer->base.bbs_buffer.maxlen;

src/bin/pg_basebackup/t/010_pg_basebackup.pl

@@ -139,7 +139,14 @@ SKIP:
 			'gzip:workers=3',
 			'invalid compression specification: compression algorithm "gzip" does not accept a worker count',
 			'failure on worker count for gzip'
-		],);
+		],
+		[
+			'gzip:long',
+			'invalid compression specification: compression algorithm "gzip" does not support long-distance mode',
+			'failure on long mode for gzip'
+		],
+	);
+
 	for my $cft (@compression_failure_tests)
 	{
 		my $cfail = quotemeta($client_fails . $cft->[1]);

src/bin/pg_dump/compress_zstd.c

@@ -80,6 +80,11 @@ _ZstdCStreamParams(pg_compress_specification compress)
 	_Zstd_CCtx_setParam_or_die(cstream, ZSTD_c_compressionLevel,
 							   compress.level, "level");
 
+	if (compress.options & PG_COMPRESSION_OPTION_LONG_DISTANCE)
+		_Zstd_CCtx_setParam_or_die(cstream,
+								  ZSTD_c_enableLongDistanceMatching,
+								  compress.long_distance, "long");
+
 	return cstream;
 }
 

src/bin/pg_dump/t/002_pg_dump.pl

@@ -267,11 +267,12 @@ my %pgdump_runs = (
 		],
 	},
 
+	# Exercise long mode for test coverage
 	compression_zstd_plain => {
 		test_key       => 'compression',
 		compile_option => 'zstd',
 		dump_cmd       => [
-			'pg_dump', '--format=plain', '--compress=zstd',
+			'pg_dump', '--format=plain', '--compress=zstd:long',
 			"--file=$tempdir/compression_zstd_plain.sql.zst", 'postgres',
 		],
 		# Decompress the generated file to run through the tests.

src/bin/pg_verifybackup/t/008_untar.pl

@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@ my @test_configuration = (
 		'decompress_program' => $ENV{'ZSTD'},
 		'decompress_flags'   => ['-d'],
 		'enabled'            => check_pg_config("#define USE_ZSTD 1")
+	},
+	{
+		'compression_method' => 'zstd',
+		'backup_flags'       => [ '--compress', 'server-zstd:level=1,long' ],
+		'backup_archive'     => 'base.tar.zst',
+		'decompress_program' => $ENV{'ZSTD'},
+		'decompress_flags'   => ['-d'],
+		'enabled'            => check_pg_config("#define USE_ZSTD 1")
 	});
 
 for my $tc (@test_configuration)

src/bin/pg_verifybackup/t/010_client_untar.pl

@@ -50,6 +50,14 @@ my @test_configuration = (
 		'decompress_flags'   => ['-d'],
 		'enabled'            => check_pg_config("#define USE_ZSTD 1")
 	},
+	{
+		'compression_method' => 'zstd',
+		'backup_flags' => ['--compress', 'client-zstd:level=1,long'],
+		'backup_archive' => 'base.tar.zst',
+		'decompress_program' => $ENV{'ZSTD'},
+		'decompress_flags' => [ '-d' ],
+		'enabled' => check_pg_config("#define USE_ZSTD 1")
+	},
 	{
 		'compression_method' => 'parallel zstd',
 		'backup_flags'       => [ '--compress', 'client-zstd:workers=3' ],

src/common/compression.c

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * Otherwise, a compression specification is a comma-separated list of items,
  * each having the form keyword or keyword=value.
  *
- * Currently, the only supported keywords are "level" and "workers".
+ * Currently, the supported keywords are "level", "long", and "workers".
  *
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2023, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  *
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@
 
 static int	expect_integer_value(char *keyword, char *value,
 								 pg_compress_specification *result);
+static bool expect_boolean_value(char *keyword, char *value,
+								 pg_compress_specification *result);
 
 /*
  * Look up a compression algorithm by name. Returns true and sets *algorithm
@@ -232,6 +234,11 @@ parse_compress_specification(pg_compress_algorithm algorithm, char *specificatio
 			result->workers = expect_integer_value(keyword, value, result);
 			result->options |= PG_COMPRESSION_OPTION_WORKERS;
 		}
+		else if (strcmp(keyword, "long") == 0)
+		{
+			result->long_distance = expect_boolean_value(keyword, value, result);
+			result->options |= PG_COMPRESSION_OPTION_LONG_DISTANCE;
+		}
 		else
 			result->parse_error =
 				psprintf(_("unrecognized compression option: \"%s\""), keyword);
@@ -289,6 +296,43 @@ expect_integer_value(char *keyword, char *value, pg_compress_specification *resu
 	return ivalue;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Parse 'value' as a boolean and return the result.
+ *
+ * If parsing fails, set result->parse_error to an appropriate message
+ * and return -1.  The caller must check result->parse_error to determine if
+ * the call was successful.
+ *
+ * Valid values are: yes, no, on, off, 1, 0.
+ *
+ * Inspired by ParseVariableBool().
+ */
+static bool
+expect_boolean_value(char *keyword, char *value, pg_compress_specification *result)
+{
+	if (value == NULL)
+		return true;
+
+	if (pg_strcasecmp(value, "yes") == 0)
+		return true;
+	if (pg_strcasecmp(value, "on") == 0)
+		return true;
+	if (pg_strcasecmp(value, "1") == 0)
+		return true;
+
+	if (pg_strcasecmp(value, "no") == 0)
+		return false;
+	if (pg_strcasecmp(value, "off") == 0)
+		return false;
+	if (pg_strcasecmp(value, "0") == 0)
+		return false;
+
+	result->parse_error =
+		psprintf(_("value for compression option \"%s\" must be a boolean"),
+				 keyword);
+	return false;
+}
+
 /*
  * Returns NULL if the compression specification string was syntactically
  * valid and semantically sensible.  Otherwise, returns an error message.
@@ -354,6 +398,17 @@ validate_compress_specification(pg_compress_specification *spec)
 						get_compress_algorithm_name(spec->algorithm));
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Of the compression algorithms that we currently support, only zstd
+	 * supports long-distance mode.
+	 */
+	if ((spec->options & PG_COMPRESSION_OPTION_LONG_DISTANCE) != 0 &&
+		(spec->algorithm != PG_COMPRESSION_ZSTD))
+	{
+		return psprintf(_("compression algorithm \"%s\" does not support long-distance mode"),
+						get_compress_algorithm_name(spec->algorithm));
+	}
+
 	return NULL;
 }
 

src/include/common/compression.h

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ typedef enum pg_compress_algorithm
 } pg_compress_algorithm;
 
 #define PG_COMPRESSION_OPTION_WORKERS		(1 << 0)
+#define PG_COMPRESSION_OPTION_LONG_DISTANCE	(1 << 1)
 
 typedef struct pg_compress_specification
 {
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ typedef struct pg_compress_specification
 	unsigned	options;		/* OR of PG_COMPRESSION_OPTION constants */
 	int			level;
 	int			workers;
+	bool		long_distance;
 	char	   *parse_error;	/* NULL if parsing was OK, else message */
 } pg_compress_specification;