Track logrep apply workers' last start times to avoid useless waits.

Enforce wal_retrieve_retry_interval on a per-subscription basis,
rather than globally, and arrange to skip that delay in case of
an intentional worker exit.  This probably makes little difference
in the field, where apply workers wouldn't be restarted often;
but it has a significant impact on the runtime of our logical
replication regression tests (even though those tests use
artificially-small wal_retrieve_retry_interval settings already).

Nathan Bossart, with mostly-cosmetic editorialization by me

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20221122004119.GA132961@nathanxps13

doc/src/sgml/config.sgml

@@ -4877,6 +4877,10 @@ ANY <replaceable class="parameter">num_sync</replaceable> ( <replaceable class="
         environments where the number of times an infrastructure is accessed
         is taken into account.
        </para>
+       <para>
+        In logical replication, this parameter also limits how often a failing
+        replication apply worker will be respawned.
+       </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
 

doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml

@@ -2008,6 +2008,16 @@ postgres   27093  0.0  0.0  30096  2752 ?        Ss   11:34   0:00 postgres: ser
       <entry>Waiting to read or update information
        about <quote>heavyweight</quote> locks.</entry>
      </row>
+     <row>
+      <entry><literal>LogicalRepLauncherDSA</literal></entry>
+      <entry>Waiting to access logical replication launcher's dynamic shared
+       memory allocator.</entry>
+     </row>
+     <row>
+      <entry><literal>LogicalRepLauncherHash</literal></entry>
+      <entry>Waiting to access logical replication launcher's shared
+       hash table.</entry>
+     </row>
      <row>
       <entry><literal>LogicalRepWorker</literal></entry>
       <entry>Waiting to read or update the state of logical replication

src/backend/commands/subscriptioncmds.c

@@ -1504,6 +1504,16 @@ DropSubscription(DropSubscriptionStmt *stmt, bool isTopLevel)
 	}
 	list_free(subworkers);
 
+	/*
+	 * Remove the no-longer-useful entry in the launcher's table of apply
+	 * worker start times.
+	 *
+	 * If this transaction rolls back, the launcher might restart a failed
+	 * apply worker before wal_retrieve_retry_interval milliseconds have
+	 * elapsed, but that's pretty harmless.
+	 */
+	ApplyLauncherForgetWorkerStartTime(subid);
+
 	/*
 	 * Cleanup of tablesync replication origins.
 	 *

src/backend/replication/logical/launcher.c

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "catalog/pg_subscription.h"
 #include "catalog/pg_subscription_rel.h"
 #include "funcapi.h"
+#include "lib/dshash.h"
 #include "libpq/pqsignal.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 #include "pgstat.h"
@@ -64,20 +65,47 @@ typedef struct LogicalRepCtxStruct
 	/* Supervisor process. */
 	pid_t		launcher_pid;
 
+	/* Hash table holding last start times of subscriptions' apply workers. */
+	dsa_handle	last_start_dsa;
+	dshash_table_handle last_start_dsh;
+
 	/* Background workers. */
 	LogicalRepWorker workers[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 } LogicalRepCtxStruct;
 
 static LogicalRepCtxStruct *LogicalRepCtx;
 
+/* an entry in the last-start-times shared hash table */
+typedef struct LauncherLastStartTimesEntry
+{
+	Oid			subid;			/* OID of logrep subscription (hash key) */
+	TimestampTz last_start_time;	/* last time its apply worker was started */
+} LauncherLastStartTimesEntry;
+
+/* parameters for the last-start-times shared hash table */
+static const dshash_parameters dsh_params = {
+	sizeof(Oid),
+	sizeof(LauncherLastStartTimesEntry),
+	dshash_memcmp,
+	dshash_memhash,
+	LWTRANCHE_LAUNCHER_HASH
+};
+
+static dsa_area *last_start_times_dsa = NULL;
+static dshash_table *last_start_times = NULL;
+
+static bool on_commit_launcher_wakeup = false;
+
+
 static void ApplyLauncherWakeup(void);
 static void logicalrep_launcher_onexit(int code, Datum arg);
 static void logicalrep_worker_onexit(int code, Datum arg);
 static void logicalrep_worker_detach(void);
 static void logicalrep_worker_cleanup(LogicalRepWorker *worker);
 static int	logicalrep_pa_worker_count(Oid subid);
-
-static bool on_commit_launcher_wakeup = false;
+static void logicalrep_launcher_attach_dshmem(void);
+static void ApplyLauncherSetWorkerStartTime(Oid subid, TimestampTz start_time);
+static TimestampTz ApplyLauncherGetWorkerStartTime(Oid subid);
 
 
 /*
@@ -894,6 +922,9 @@ ApplyLauncherShmemInit(void)
 
 		memset(LogicalRepCtx, 0, ApplyLauncherShmemSize());
 
+		LogicalRepCtx->last_start_dsa = DSM_HANDLE_INVALID;
+		LogicalRepCtx->last_start_dsh = DSM_HANDLE_INVALID;
+
 		/* Initialize memory and spin locks for each worker slot. */
 		for (slot = 0; slot < max_logical_replication_workers; slot++)
 		{
@@ -905,6 +936,105 @@ ApplyLauncherShmemInit(void)
 	}
 }
 
+/*
+ * Initialize or attach to the dynamic shared hash table that stores the
+ * last-start times, if not already done.
+ * This must be called before accessing the table.
+ */
+static void
+logicalrep_launcher_attach_dshmem(void)
+{
+	MemoryContext oldcontext;
+
+	/* Quick exit if we already did this. */
+	if (LogicalRepCtx->last_start_dsh != DSM_HANDLE_INVALID &&
+		last_start_times != NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* Otherwise, use a lock to ensure only one process creates the table. */
+	LWLockAcquire(LogicalRepWorkerLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+
+	/* Be sure any local memory allocated by DSA routines is persistent. */
+	oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(TopMemoryContext);
+
+	if (LogicalRepCtx->last_start_dsh == DSM_HANDLE_INVALID)
+	{
+		/* Initialize dynamic shared hash table for last-start times. */
+		last_start_times_dsa = dsa_create(LWTRANCHE_LAUNCHER_DSA);
+		dsa_pin(last_start_times_dsa);
+		dsa_pin_mapping(last_start_times_dsa);
+		last_start_times = dshash_create(last_start_times_dsa, &dsh_params, 0);
+
+		/* Store handles in shared memory for other backends to use. */
+		LogicalRepCtx->last_start_dsa = dsa_get_handle(last_start_times_dsa);
+		LogicalRepCtx->last_start_dsh = dshash_get_hash_table_handle(last_start_times);
+	}
+	else if (!last_start_times)
+	{
+		/* Attach to existing dynamic shared hash table. */
+		last_start_times_dsa = dsa_attach(LogicalRepCtx->last_start_dsa);
+		dsa_pin_mapping(last_start_times_dsa);
+		last_start_times = dshash_attach(last_start_times_dsa, &dsh_params,
+										 LogicalRepCtx->last_start_dsh, 0);
+	}
+
+	MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
+	LWLockRelease(LogicalRepWorkerLock);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set the last-start time for the subscription.
+ */
+static void
+ApplyLauncherSetWorkerStartTime(Oid subid, TimestampTz start_time)
+{
+	LauncherLastStartTimesEntry *entry;
+	bool		found;
+
+	logicalrep_launcher_attach_dshmem();
+
+	entry = dshash_find_or_insert(last_start_times, &subid, &found);
+	entry->last_start_time = start_time;
+	dshash_release_lock(last_start_times, entry);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the last-start time for the subscription, or 0 if there isn't one.
+ */
+static TimestampTz
+ApplyLauncherGetWorkerStartTime(Oid subid)
+{
+	LauncherLastStartTimesEntry *entry;
+	TimestampTz ret;
+
+	logicalrep_launcher_attach_dshmem();
+
+	entry = dshash_find(last_start_times, &subid, false);
+	if (entry == NULL)
+		return 0;
+
+	ret = entry->last_start_time;
+	dshash_release_lock(last_start_times, entry);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove the last-start-time entry for the subscription, if one exists.
+ *
+ * This has two use-cases: to remove the entry related to a subscription
+ * that's been deleted or disabled (just to avoid leaking shared memory),
+ * and to allow immediate restart of an apply worker that has exited
+ * due to subscription parameter changes.
+ */
+void
+ApplyLauncherForgetWorkerStartTime(Oid subid)
+{
+	logicalrep_launcher_attach_dshmem();
+
+	(void) dshash_delete_key(last_start_times, &subid);
+}
+
 /*
  * Wakeup the launcher on commit if requested.
  */
@@ -947,8 +1077,6 @@ ApplyLauncherWakeup(void)
 void
 ApplyLauncherMain(Datum main_arg)
 {
-	TimestampTz last_start_time = 0;
-
 	ereport(DEBUG1,
 			(errmsg_internal("logical replication launcher started")));
 
@@ -976,65 +1104,71 @@ ApplyLauncherMain(Datum main_arg)
 		ListCell   *lc;
 		MemoryContext subctx;
 		MemoryContext oldctx;
-		TimestampTz now;
 		long		wait_time = DEFAULT_NAPTIME_PER_CYCLE;
 
 		CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS();
 
-		now = GetCurrentTimestamp();
+		/* Use temporary context to avoid leaking memory across cycles. */
+		subctx = AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext,
+									   "Logical Replication Launcher sublist",
+									   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
+		oldctx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(subctx);
 
-		/* Limit the start retry to once a wal_retrieve_retry_interval */
-		if (TimestampDifferenceExceeds(last_start_time, now,
-									   wal_retrieve_retry_interval))
+		/* Start any missing workers for enabled subscriptions. */
+		sublist = get_subscription_list();
+		foreach(lc, sublist)
 		{
-			/* Use temporary context for the database list and worker info. */
-			subctx = AllocSetContextCreate(TopMemoryContext,
-										   "Logical Replication Launcher sublist",
-										   ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_SIZES);
-			oldctx = MemoryContextSwitchTo(subctx);
+			Subscription *sub = (Subscription *) lfirst(lc);
+			LogicalRepWorker *w;
+			TimestampTz last_start;
+			TimestampTz now;
+			long		elapsed;
 
-			/* search for subscriptions to start or stop. */
-			sublist = get_subscription_list();
-
-			/* Start the missing workers for enabled subscriptions. */
-			foreach(lc, sublist)
-			{
-				Subscription *sub = (Subscription *) lfirst(lc);
-				LogicalRepWorker *w;
+			if (!sub->enabled)
+				continue;
 
-				if (!sub->enabled)
-					continue;
-
-				LWLockAcquire(LogicalRepWorkerLock, LW_SHARED);
-				w = logicalrep_worker_find(sub->oid, InvalidOid, false);
-				LWLockRelease(LogicalRepWorkerLock);
-
-				if (w == NULL)
-				{
-					last_start_time = now;
-					wait_time = wal_retrieve_retry_interval;
+			LWLockAcquire(LogicalRepWorkerLock, LW_SHARED);
+			w = logicalrep_worker_find(sub->oid, InvalidOid, false);
+			LWLockRelease(LogicalRepWorkerLock);
 
-					logicalrep_worker_launch(sub->dbid, sub->oid, sub->name,
-											 sub->owner, InvalidOid, DSM_HANDLE_INVALID);
-				}
-			}
+			if (w != NULL)
+				continue;		/* worker is running already */
 
-			/* Switch back to original memory context. */
-			MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldctx);
-			/* Clean the temporary memory. */
-			MemoryContextDelete(subctx);
-		}
-		else
-		{
 			/*
-			 * The wait in previous cycle was interrupted in less than
-			 * wal_retrieve_retry_interval since last worker was started, this
-			 * usually means crash of the worker, so we should retry in
-			 * wal_retrieve_retry_interval again.
+			 * If the worker is eligible to start now, launch it.  Otherwise,
+			 * adjust wait_time so that we'll wake up as soon as it can be
+			 * started.
+			 *
+			 * Each subscription's apply worker can only be restarted once per
+			 * wal_retrieve_retry_interval, so that errors do not cause us to
+			 * repeatedly restart the worker as fast as possible.  In cases
+			 * where a restart is expected (e.g., subscription parameter
+			 * changes), another process should remove the last-start entry
+			 * for the subscription so that the worker can be restarted
+			 * without waiting for wal_retrieve_retry_interval to elapse.
 			 */
-			wait_time = wal_retrieve_retry_interval;
+			last_start = ApplyLauncherGetWorkerStartTime(sub->oid);
+			now = GetCurrentTimestamp();
+			if (last_start == 0 ||
+				(elapsed = TimestampDifferenceMilliseconds(last_start, now)) >= wal_retrieve_retry_interval)
+			{
+				ApplyLauncherSetWorkerStartTime(sub->oid, now);
+				logicalrep_worker_launch(sub->dbid, sub->oid, sub->name,
+										 sub->owner, InvalidOid,
+										 DSM_HANDLE_INVALID);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				wait_time = Min(wait_time,
+								wal_retrieve_retry_interval - elapsed);
+			}
 		}
 
+		/* Switch back to original memory context. */
+		MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldctx);
+		/* Clean the temporary memory. */
+		MemoryContextDelete(subctx);
+
 		/* Wait for more work. */
 		rc = WaitLatch(MyLatch,
 					   WL_LATCH_SET | WL_TIMEOUT | WL_EXIT_ON_PM_DEATH,

src/backend/replication/logical/tablesync.c

@@ -628,7 +628,15 @@ process_syncing_tables_for_apply(XLogRecPtr current_lsn)
 	}
 
 	if (should_exit)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Reset the last-start time for this worker so that the launcher will
+		 * restart it without waiting for wal_retrieve_retry_interval.
+		 */
+		ApplyLauncherForgetWorkerStartTime(MySubscription->oid);
+
 		proc_exit(0);
+	}
 }
 
 /*

src/backend/replication/logical/worker.c

@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@
 #include "postmaster/walwriter.h"
 #include "replication/decode.h"
 #include "replication/logical.h"
+#include "replication/logicallauncher.h"
 #include "replication/logicalproto.h"
 #include "replication/logicalrelation.h"
 #include "replication/logicalworker.h"
@@ -3811,6 +3812,15 @@ apply_worker_exit(void)
 		return;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Reset the last-start time for this apply worker so that the launcher
+	 * will restart it without waiting for wal_retrieve_retry_interval if the
+	 * subscription is still active, and so that we won't leak that hash table
+	 * entry if it isn't.
+	 */
+	if (!am_tablesync_worker())
+		ApplyLauncherForgetWorkerStartTime(MyLogicalRepWorker->subid);
+
 	proc_exit(0);
 }
 
@@ -3851,6 +3861,9 @@ maybe_reread_subscription(void)
 				(errmsg("%s for subscription \"%s\" will stop because the subscription was removed",
 						get_worker_name(), MySubscription->name)));
 
+		/* Ensure we remove no-longer-useful entry for worker's start time */
+		if (!am_tablesync_worker() && !am_parallel_apply_worker())
+			ApplyLauncherForgetWorkerStartTime(MyLogicalRepWorker->subid);
 		proc_exit(0);
 	}
 
@@ -4421,6 +4434,9 @@ InitializeApplyWorker(void)
 				(errmsg("%s for subscription %u will not start because the subscription was removed during startup",
 						get_worker_name(), MyLogicalRepWorker->subid)));
 
+		/* Ensure we remove no-longer-useful entry for worker's start time */
+		if (!am_tablesync_worker() && !am_parallel_apply_worker())
+			ApplyLauncherForgetWorkerStartTime(MyLogicalRepWorker->subid);
 		proc_exit(0);
 	}
 
@@ -4678,6 +4694,10 @@ DisableSubscriptionAndExit(void)
 	DisableSubscription(MySubscription->oid);
 	CommitTransactionCommand();
 
+	/* Ensure we remove no-longer-useful entry for worker's start time */
+	if (!am_tablesync_worker() && !am_parallel_apply_worker())
+		ApplyLauncherForgetWorkerStartTime(MyLogicalRepWorker->subid);
+
 	/* Notify the subscription has been disabled and exit */
 	ereport(LOG,
 			errmsg("subscription \"%s\" has been disabled because of an error",

src/backend/storage/lmgr/lwlock.c

@@ -186,6 +186,10 @@ static const char *const BuiltinTrancheNames[] = {
 	"PgStatsHash",
 	/* LWTRANCHE_PGSTATS_DATA: */
 	"PgStatsData",
+	/* LWTRANCHE_LAUNCHER_DSA: */
+	"LogicalRepLauncherDSA",
+	/* LWTRANCHE_LAUNCHER_HASH: */
+	"LogicalRepLauncherHash",
 };
 
 StaticAssertDecl(lengthof(BuiltinTrancheNames) ==

src/include/replication/logicallauncher.h

@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ extern void ApplyLauncherMain(Datum main_arg);
 extern Size ApplyLauncherShmemSize(void);
 extern void ApplyLauncherShmemInit(void);
 
+extern void ApplyLauncherForgetWorkerStartTime(Oid subid);
+
 extern void ApplyLauncherWakeupAtCommit(void);
 extern void AtEOXact_ApplyLauncher(bool isCommit);
 

src/include/storage/lwlock.h

@@ -204,6 +204,8 @@ typedef enum BuiltinTrancheIds
 	LWTRANCHE_PGSTATS_DSA,
 	LWTRANCHE_PGSTATS_HASH,
 	LWTRANCHE_PGSTATS_DATA,
+	LWTRANCHE_LAUNCHER_DSA,
+	LWTRANCHE_LAUNCHER_HASH,
 	LWTRANCHE_FIRST_USER_DEFINED
 }			BuiltinTrancheIds;