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Add pg_audit, an auditing extension

Browse Source 
This extension provides detailed logging classes, ability to control
logging at a per-object level, and includes fully-qualified object
names for logged statements (DML and DDL) in independent fields of the
log output.

Authors: Ian Barwick, Abhijit Menon-Sen, David Steele
Reviews by: Robert Haas, Tatsuo Ishii, Sawada Masahiko, Fujii Masao,
Simon Riggs

Discussion with: Josh Berkus, Jaime Casanova, Peter Eisentraut,
David Fetter, Yeb Havinga, Alvaro Herrera, Petr Jelinek, Tom Lane,
MauMau, Bruce Momjian, Jim Nasby, Michael Paquier,
Fabrízio de Royes Mello, Neil Tiffin
pull/14/head
Stephen Frost 10 years ago
parent 9660710e2f
commit ac52bb0442
12 changed files with 4186 additions and 0 deletions
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  1. 1
      contrib/Makefile
  2. 5
      contrib/pg_audit/.gitignore
  3. 21
      contrib/pg_audit/Makefile
  4. 964
      contrib/pg_audit/expected/pg_audit.out
  5. 22
      contrib/pg_audit/pg_audit--1.0.0.sql
  6. 1870
      contrib/pg_audit/pg_audit.c
  7. 1
      contrib/pg_audit/pg_audit.conf
  8. 5
      contrib/pg_audit/pg_audit.control
  9. 617
      contrib/pg_audit/sql/pg_audit.sql
  10. 1
      doc/src/sgml/contrib.sgml
  11. 1
      doc/src/sgml/filelist.sgml
  12. 678
      doc/src/sgml/pgaudit.sgml

1
contrib/Makefile
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@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ SUBDIRS = \
oid2name \
pageinspect \
passwordcheck \
pg_audit \
pg_buffercache \
pg_freespacemap \
pg_prewarm \

5
contrib/pg_audit/.gitignore vendored
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@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
log/
results/
tmp_check/
regression.diffs
regression.out

21
contrib/pg_audit/Makefile
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@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
# pg_audit/Makefile
MODULE = pg_audit
MODULE_big = pg_audit
OBJS = pg_audit.o
EXTENSION = pg_audit
REGRESS = pg_audit
REGRESS_OPTS = --temp-config=$(top_srcdir)/contrib/pg_audit/pg_audit.conf
DATA = pg_audit--1.0.0.sql
ifdef USE_PGXS
PG_CONFIG = pg_config
PGXS := $(shell $(PG_CONFIG) --pgxs)
include $(PGXS)
else
subdir = contrib/pg_audit
top_builddir = ../..
include $(top_builddir)/src/Makefile.global
include $(top_srcdir)/contrib/contrib-global.mk
endif

964
contrib/pg_audit/expected/pg_audit.out
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@ -0,0 +1,964 @@
-- Load pg_audit module
create extension pg_audit;
--
-- Audit log fields are:
-- AUDIT_TYPE - SESSION or OBJECT
-- STATEMENT_ID - ID of the statement in the current backend
-- SUBSTATEMENT_ID - ID of the substatement in the current backend
-- CLASS - Class of statement being logged (e.g. ROLE, READ, WRITE)
-- COMMAND - e.g. SELECT, CREATE ROLE, UPDATE
-- OBJECT_TYPE - When available, type of object acted on (e.g. TABLE, VIEW)
-- OBJECT_NAME - When available, fully-qualified table of object
-- STATEMENT - The statement being logged
-- PARAMETER - If parameter logging is requested, they will follow the
-- statement
--
-- Create a superuser role that we know the name of for testing
CREATE USER super SUPERUSER;
ALTER ROLE super SET pg_audit.log = 'Role';
ALTER ROLE super SET pg_audit.log_level = 'notice';
\connect contrib_regression super;
--
-- Create auditor role
CREATE ROLE auditor;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,ROLE,CREATE ROLE,,,CREATE ROLE auditor;,<not logged>
--
-- Create first test user
CREATE USER user1;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,ROLE,CREATE ROLE,,,CREATE USER user1;,<not logged>
ALTER ROLE user1 SET pg_audit.log = 'ddl, ROLE';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,3,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,"ALTER ROLE user1 SET pg_audit.log = 'ddl, ROLE';",<not logged>
ALTER ROLE user1 SET pg_audit.log_level = 'notice';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,4,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,ALTER ROLE user1 SET pg_audit.log_level = 'notice';,<not logged>
--
-- Create, select, drop (select will not be audited)
\connect contrib_regression user1
CREATE TABLE public.test (id INT);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,DDL,CREATE TABLE,TABLE,public.test,CREATE TABLE public.test (id INT);,<not logged>
SELECT * FROM test;
id
----
(0 rows)
DROP TABLE test;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,DDL,DROP TABLE,TABLE,public.test,DROP TABLE test;,<not logged>
--
-- Create second test user
\connect contrib_regression super
CREATE USER user2;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,ROLE,CREATE ROLE,,,CREATE USER user2;,<not logged>
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log = 'Read, writE';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,"ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log = 'Read, writE';",<not logged>
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log_catalog = OFF;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,3,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log_catalog = OFF;,<not logged>
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log_level = 'warning';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,4,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log_level = 'warning';,<not logged>
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.role = auditor;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,5,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.role = auditor;,<not logged>
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log_statement_once = ON;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,6,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log_statement_once = ON;,<not logged>
\connect contrib_regression user2
CREATE TABLE test2 (id INT);
GRANT SELECT ON TABLE public.test2 TO auditor;
--
-- Role-based tests
CREATE TABLE test3
(
id INT
);
SELECT count(*)
FROM
(
SELECT relname
FROM pg_class
LIMIT 1
) SUBQUERY;
count
-------
1
(1 row)
SELECT *
FROM test3, test2;
WARNING: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,READ,SELECT,,,"SELECT *
FROM test3, test2;",<not logged>
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,1,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.test2,<previously logged>,<previously logged>
id | id
----+----
(0 rows)
GRANT INSERT
ON TABLE public.test3
TO auditor;
--
-- Create a view to test logging
CREATE VIEW vw_test3 AS
SELECT *
FROM test3;
GRANT SELECT
ON vw_test3
TO auditor;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select on vw_test3
-- select on test2
SELECT *
FROM vw_test3, test2;
WARNING: AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,READ,SELECT,,,"SELECT *
FROM vw_test3, test2;",<not logged>
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,2,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.test2,<previously logged>,<previously logged>
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,2,1,READ,SELECT,VIEW,public.vw_test3,<previously logged>,<previously logged>
id | id
----+----
(0 rows)
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert on test3
-- select on test2
WITH CTE AS
(
SELECT id
FROM test2
)
INSERT INTO test3
SELECT id
FROM cte;
WARNING: AUDIT: SESSION,3,1,WRITE,INSERT,,,"WITH CTE AS
(
SELECT id
FROM test2
)
INSERT INTO test3
SELECT id
FROM cte;",<not logged>
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,3,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test3,<previously logged>,<previously logged>
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,3,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.test2,<previously logged>,<previously logged>
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert on test3
WITH CTE AS
(
INSERT INTO test3 VALUES (1)
RETURNING id
)
INSERT INTO test2
SELECT id
FROM cte;
WARNING: AUDIT: SESSION,4,1,WRITE,INSERT,,,"WITH CTE AS
(
INSERT INTO test3 VALUES (1)
RETURNING id
)
INSERT INTO test2
SELECT id
FROM cte;",<not logged>
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,4,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test3,<previously logged>,<previously logged>
GRANT UPDATE ON TABLE public.test2 TO auditor;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert on test3
-- update on test2
WITH CTE AS
(
UPDATE test2
SET id = 1
RETURNING id
)
INSERT INTO test3
SELECT id
FROM cte;
WARNING: AUDIT: SESSION,5,1,WRITE,INSERT,,,"WITH CTE AS
(
UPDATE test2
SET id = 1
RETURNING id
)
INSERT INTO test3
SELECT id
FROM cte;",<not logged>
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,5,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test3,<previously logged>,<previously logged>
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,5,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.test2,<previously logged>,<previously logged>
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert on test2
WITH CTE AS
(
INSERT INTO test2 VALUES (1)
RETURNING id
)
UPDATE test3
SET id = cte.id
FROM cte
WHERE test3.id <> cte.id;
WARNING: AUDIT: SESSION,6,1,WRITE,UPDATE,,,"WITH CTE AS
(
INSERT INTO test2 VALUES (1)
RETURNING id
)
UPDATE test3
SET id = cte.id
FROM cte
WHERE test3.id <> cte.id;",<not logged>
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,6,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test2,<previously logged>,<previously logged>
--
-- Change permissions of user 2 so that only object logging will be done
\connect contrib_regression super
alter role user2 set pg_audit.log = 'NONE';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,alter role user2 set pg_audit.log = 'NONE';,<not logged>
\connect contrib_regression user2
--
-- Create test4 and add permissions
CREATE TABLE test4
(
id int,
name text
);
GRANT SELECT (name)
ON TABLE public.test4
TO auditor;
GRANT UPDATE (id)
ON TABLE public.test4
TO auditor;
GRANT insert (name)
ON TABLE public.test4
TO auditor;
--
-- Not object logged
SELECT id
FROM public.test4;
id
----
(0 rows)
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (name) on test4
SELECT name
FROM public.test4;
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,1,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.test4,"SELECT name
FROM public.test4;",<not logged>
name
------
(0 rows)
--
-- Not object logged
INSERT INTO public.test4 (id)
VALUES (1);
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert (name) on test4
INSERT INTO public.test4 (name)
VALUES ('test');
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,2,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test4,"INSERT INTO public.test4 (name)
VALUES ('test');",<not logged>
--
-- Not object logged
UPDATE public.test4
SET name = 'foo';
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- update (id) on test4
UPDATE public.test4
SET id = 1;
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,3,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.test4,"UPDATE public.test4
SET id = 1;",<not logged>
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- update (name) on test4
-- update (name) takes precedence over select (name) due to ordering
update public.test4 set name = 'foo' where name = 'bar';
WARNING: AUDIT: OBJECT,4,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.test4,update public.test4 set name = 'foo' where name = 'bar';,<not logged>
--
-- Drop test tables
DROP TABLE test2;
DROP VIEW vw_test3;
DROP TABLE test3;
DROP TABLE test4;
--
-- Change permissions of user 1 so that session logging will be done
\connect contrib_regression super
alter role user1 set pg_audit.log = 'DDL, READ';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,"alter role user1 set pg_audit.log = 'DDL, READ';",<not logged>
\connect contrib_regression user1
--
-- Create table is session logged
CREATE TABLE public.account
(
id INT,
name TEXT,
password TEXT,
description TEXT
);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,DDL,CREATE TABLE,TABLE,public.account,"CREATE TABLE public.account
(
id INT,
name TEXT,
password TEXT,
description TEXT
);",<not logged>
--
-- Select is session logged
SELECT *
FROM account;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,READ,SELECT,,,"SELECT *
FROM account;",<not logged>
id | name | password | description
----+------+----------+-------------
(0 rows)
--
-- Insert is not logged
INSERT INTO account (id, name, password, description)
VALUES (1, 'user1', 'HASH1', 'blah, blah');
--
-- Change permissions of user 1 so that only object logging will be done
\connect contrib_regression super
alter role user1 set pg_audit.log = 'none';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,alter role user1 set pg_audit.log = 'none';,<not logged>
alter role user1 set pg_audit.role = 'auditor';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,alter role user1 set pg_audit.role = 'auditor';,<not logged>
\connect contrib_regression user1
--
-- ROLE class not set, so auditor grants not logged
GRANT SELECT (password),
UPDATE (name, password)
ON TABLE public.account
TO auditor;
--
-- Not object logged
SELECT id,
name
FROM account;
id | name
----+-------
1 | user1
(1 row)
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (password) on account
SELECT password
FROM account;
NOTICE: AUDIT: OBJECT,1,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,"SELECT password
FROM account;",<not logged>
password
----------
HASH1
(1 row)
--
-- Not object logged
UPDATE account
SET description = 'yada, yada';
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- update (password) on account
UPDATE account
SET password = 'HASH2';
NOTICE: AUDIT: OBJECT,2,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.account,"UPDATE account
SET password = 'HASH2';",<not logged>
--
-- Change permissions of user 1 so that session relation logging will be done
\connect contrib_regression super
alter role user1 set pg_audit.log_relation = on;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,alter role user1 set pg_audit.log_relation = on;,<not logged>
alter role user1 set pg_audit.log = 'read, WRITE';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,ROLE,ALTER ROLE,,,"alter role user1 set pg_audit.log = 'read, WRITE';",<not logged>
\connect contrib_regression user1
--
-- Not logged
create table ACCOUNT_ROLE_MAP
(
account_id INT,
role_id INT
);
--
-- ROLE class not set, so auditor grants not logged
GRANT SELECT
ON TABLE public.account_role_map
TO auditor;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (password) on account
-- select on account_role_map
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
SELECT account.password,
account_role_map.role_id
FROM account
INNER JOIN account_role_map
on account.id = account_role_map.account_id;
NOTICE: AUDIT: OBJECT,1,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,"SELECT account.password,
account_role_map.role_id
FROM account
INNER JOIN account_role_map
on account.id = account_role_map.account_id;",<not logged>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,"SELECT account.password,
account_role_map.role_id
FROM account
INNER JOIN account_role_map
on account.id = account_role_map.account_id;",<not logged>
NOTICE: AUDIT: OBJECT,1,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account_role_map,"SELECT account.password,
account_role_map.role_id
FROM account
INNER JOIN account_role_map
on account.id = account_role_map.account_id;",<not logged>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account_role_map,"SELECT account.password,
account_role_map.role_id
FROM account
INNER JOIN account_role_map
on account.id = account_role_map.account_id;",<not logged>
password | role_id
----------+---------
(0 rows)
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (password) on account
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
SELECT password
FROM account;
NOTICE: AUDIT: OBJECT,2,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,"SELECT password
FROM account;",<not logged>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,"SELECT password
FROM account;",<not logged>
password
----------
HASH2
(1 row)
--
-- Not object logged
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
UPDATE account
SET description = 'yada, yada';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,3,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.account,"UPDATE account
SET description = 'yada, yada';",<not logged>
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (password) on account (in the where clause)
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
UPDATE account
SET description = 'yada, yada'
where password = 'HASH2';
NOTICE: AUDIT: OBJECT,4,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.account,"UPDATE account
SET description = 'yada, yada'
where password = 'HASH2';",<not logged>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,4,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.account,"UPDATE account
SET description = 'yada, yada'
where password = 'HASH2';",<not logged>
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- update (password) on account
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
UPDATE account
SET password = 'HASH2';
NOTICE: AUDIT: OBJECT,5,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.account,"UPDATE account
SET password = 'HASH2';",<not logged>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,5,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.account,"UPDATE account
SET password = 'HASH2';",<not logged>
--
-- Change back to superuser to do exhaustive tests
\connect contrib_regression super
SET pg_audit.log = 'ALL';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,MISC,SET,,,SET pg_audit.log = 'ALL';,<not logged>
SET pg_audit.log_level = 'notice';
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,MISC,SET,,,SET pg_audit.log_level = 'notice';,<not logged>
SET pg_audit.log_relation = ON;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,3,1,MISC,SET,,,SET pg_audit.log_relation = ON;,<not logged>
SET pg_audit.log_parameter = ON;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,4,1,MISC,SET,,,SET pg_audit.log_parameter = ON;,<none>
--
-- Simple DO block
DO $$
BEGIN
raise notice 'test';
END $$;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,5,1,FUNCTION,DO,,,"DO $$
BEGIN
raise notice 'test';
END $$;",<none>
NOTICE: test
--
-- Create test schema
CREATE SCHEMA test;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,6,1,DDL,CREATE SCHEMA,SCHEMA,test,CREATE SCHEMA test;,<none>
--
-- Copy account to stdout
COPY account TO stdout;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,7,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,COPY account TO stdout;,<none>
1 user1 HASH2 yada, yada
--
-- Create a table from a query
CREATE TABLE test.account_copy AS
SELECT *
FROM account;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,8,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,"CREATE TABLE test.account_copy AS
SELECT *
FROM account;",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,8,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,test.account_copy,"CREATE TABLE test.account_copy AS
SELECT *
FROM account;",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,8,2,DDL,CREATE TABLE AS,TABLE,test.account_copy,"CREATE TABLE test.account_copy AS
SELECT *
FROM account;",<none>
--
-- Copy from stdin to account copy
COPY test.account_copy from stdin;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,9,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,test.account_copy,COPY test.account_copy from stdin;,<none>
--
-- Test prepared statement
PREPARE pgclassstmt (oid) AS
SELECT *
FROM account
WHERE id = $1;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,10,1,READ,PREPARE,,,"PREPARE pgclassstmt (oid) AS
SELECT *
FROM account
WHERE id = $1;",<none>
EXECUTE pgclassstmt (1);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,11,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,"PREPARE pgclassstmt (oid) AS
SELECT *
FROM account
WHERE id = $1;",1
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,11,2,MISC,EXECUTE,,,EXECUTE pgclassstmt (1);,<none>
id | name | password | description
----+-------+----------+-------------
1 | user1 | HASH2 | yada, yada
(1 row)
DEALLOCATE pgclassstmt;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,12,1,MISC,DEALLOCATE,,,DEALLOCATE pgclassstmt;,<none>
--
-- Test cursor
BEGIN;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,13,1,MISC,BEGIN,,,BEGIN;,<none>
DECLARE ctest SCROLL CURSOR FOR
SELECT count(*)
FROM
(
SELECT relname
FROM pg_class
LIMIT 1
) subquery;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,14,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,pg_catalog.pg_class,"DECLARE ctest SCROLL CURSOR FOR
SELECT count(*)
FROM
(
SELECT relname
FROM pg_class
LIMIT 1
) subquery;",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,14,2,READ,DECLARE CURSOR,,,"DECLARE ctest SCROLL CURSOR FOR
SELECT count(*)
FROM
(
SELECT relname
FROM pg_class
LIMIT 1
) subquery;",<none>
FETCH NEXT FROM ctest;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,15,1,MISC,FETCH,,,FETCH NEXT FROM ctest;,<none>
count
-------
1
(1 row)
CLOSE ctest;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,16,1,MISC,CLOSE CURSOR,,,CLOSE ctest;,<none>
COMMIT;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,17,1,MISC,COMMIT,,,COMMIT;,<none>
--
-- Turn off log_catalog and pg_class will not be logged
SET pg_audit.log_catalog = OFF;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,18,1,MISC,SET,,,SET pg_audit.log_catalog = OFF;,<none>
SELECT count(*)
FROM
(
SELECT relname
FROM pg_class
LIMIT 1
) subquery;
count
-------
1
(1 row)
--
-- Test prepared insert
CREATE TABLE test.test_insert
(
id INT
);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,19,1,DDL,CREATE TABLE,TABLE,test.test_insert,"CREATE TABLE test.test_insert
(
id INT
);",<none>
PREPARE pgclassstmt (oid) AS
INSERT INTO test.test_insert (id)
VALUES ($1);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,20,1,WRITE,PREPARE,,,"PREPARE pgclassstmt (oid) AS
INSERT INTO test.test_insert (id)
VALUES ($1);",<none>
EXECUTE pgclassstmt (1);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,21,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,test.test_insert,"PREPARE pgclassstmt (oid) AS
INSERT INTO test.test_insert (id)
VALUES ($1);",1
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,21,2,MISC,EXECUTE,,,EXECUTE pgclassstmt (1);,<none>
--
-- Check that primary key creation is logged
CREATE TABLE public.test
(
id INT,
name TEXT,
description TEXT,
CONSTRAINT test_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,22,1,DDL,CREATE TABLE,TABLE,public.test,"CREATE TABLE public.test
(
id INT,
name TEXT,
description TEXT,
CONSTRAINT test_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
);",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,22,1,DDL,CREATE TABLE,INDEX,public.test_pkey,"CREATE TABLE public.test
(
id INT,
name TEXT,
description TEXT,
CONSTRAINT test_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
);",<none>
--
-- Check that analyze is logged
ANALYZE test;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,23,1,MISC,ANALYZE,,,ANALYZE test;,<none>
--
-- Grants to public should not cause object logging (session logging will
-- still happen)
GRANT SELECT
ON TABLE public.test
TO PUBLIC;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,24,1,ROLE,GRANT,TABLE,,"GRANT SELECT
ON TABLE public.test
TO PUBLIC;",<none>
SELECT *
FROM test;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,25,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.test,"SELECT *
FROM test;",<none>
id | name | description
----+------+-------------
(0 rows)
-- Check that statements without columns log
SELECT
FROM test;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,26,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.test,"SELECT
FROM test;",<none>
--
(0 rows)
SELECT 1,
current_user;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,27,1,READ,SELECT,,,"SELECT 1,
current_user;",<none>
?column? | current_user
----------+--------------
1 | super
(1 row)
DO $$
DECLARE
test INT;
BEGIN
SELECT 1
INTO test;
END $$;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,28,1,FUNCTION,DO,,,"DO $$
DECLARE
test INT;
BEGIN
SELECT 1
INTO test;
END $$;",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,28,2,READ,SELECT,,,SELECT 1,<none>
CONTEXT: SQL statement "SELECT 1"
PL/pgSQL function inline_code_block line 5 at SQL statement
explain select 1;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,29,1,READ,SELECT,,,explain select 1;,<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,29,2,MISC,EXPLAIN,,,explain select 1;,<none>
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------
Result (cost=0.00..0.01 rows=1 width=0)
(1 row)
--
-- Test that looks inside of do blocks log
INSERT INTO TEST (id)
VALUES (1);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,30,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test,"INSERT INTO TEST (id)
VALUES (1);",<none>
INSERT INTO TEST (id)
VALUES (2);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,31,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test,"INSERT INTO TEST (id)
VALUES (2);",<none>
INSERT INTO TEST (id)
VALUES (3);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,32,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test,"INSERT INTO TEST (id)
VALUES (3);",<none>
DO $$
DECLARE
result RECORD;
BEGIN
FOR result IN
SELECT id
FROM test
LOOP
INSERT INTO test (id)
VALUES (result.id + 100);
END LOOP;
END $$;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,33,1,FUNCTION,DO,,,"DO $$
DECLARE
result RECORD;
BEGIN
FOR result IN
SELECT id
FROM test
LOOP
INSERT INTO test (id)
VALUES (result.id + 100);
END LOOP;
END $$;",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,33,2,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.test,"SELECT id
FROM test",<none>
CONTEXT: PL/pgSQL function inline_code_block line 5 at FOR over SELECT rows
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,33,3,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test,"INSERT INTO test (id)
VALUES (result.id + 100)",",,"
CONTEXT: SQL statement "INSERT INTO test (id)
VALUES (result.id + 100)"
PL/pgSQL function inline_code_block line 9 at SQL statement
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,33,4,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test,"INSERT INTO test (id)
VALUES (result.id + 100)",",,"
CONTEXT: SQL statement "INSERT INTO test (id)
VALUES (result.id + 100)"
PL/pgSQL function inline_code_block line 9 at SQL statement
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,33,5,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.test,"INSERT INTO test (id)
VALUES (result.id + 100)",",,"
CONTEXT: SQL statement "INSERT INTO test (id)
VALUES (result.id + 100)"
PL/pgSQL function inline_code_block line 9 at SQL statement
--
-- Test obfuscated dynamic sql for clean logging
DO $$
DECLARE
table_name TEXT = 'do_table';
BEGIN
EXECUTE 'CREATE TABLE ' || table_name || ' ("weird name" INT)';
EXECUTE 'DROP table ' || table_name;
END $$;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,34,1,FUNCTION,DO,,,"DO $$
DECLARE
table_name TEXT = 'do_table';
BEGIN
EXECUTE 'CREATE TABLE ' || table_name || ' (""weird name"" INT)';
EXECUTE 'DROP table ' || table_name;
END $$;",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,34,2,DDL,CREATE TABLE,TABLE,public.do_table,"CREATE TABLE do_table (""weird name"" INT)",<none>
CONTEXT: SQL statement "CREATE TABLE do_table ("weird name" INT)"
PL/pgSQL function inline_code_block line 5 at EXECUTE statement
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,34,3,DDL,DROP TABLE,TABLE,public.do_table,DROP table do_table,<none>
CONTEXT: SQL statement "DROP table do_table"
PL/pgSQL function inline_code_block line 6 at EXECUTE statement
--
-- Generate an error and make sure the stack gets cleared
DO $$
BEGIN
CREATE TABLE bogus.test_block
(
id INT
);
END $$;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,35,1,FUNCTION,DO,,,"DO $$
BEGIN
CREATE TABLE bogus.test_block
(
id INT
);
END $$;",<none>
ERROR: schema "bogus" does not exist
LINE 1: CREATE TABLE bogus.test_block
^
QUERY: CREATE TABLE bogus.test_block
(
id INT
)
CONTEXT: PL/pgSQL function inline_code_block line 3 at SQL statement
--
-- Test alter table statements
ALTER TABLE public.test
DROP COLUMN description ;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,36,1,DDL,ALTER TABLE,TABLE COLUMN,public.test.description,"ALTER TABLE public.test
DROP COLUMN description ;",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,36,1,DDL,ALTER TABLE,TABLE,public.test,"ALTER TABLE public.test
DROP COLUMN description ;",<none>
ALTER TABLE public.test
RENAME TO test2;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,37,1,DDL,ALTER TABLE,TABLE,public.test2,"ALTER TABLE public.test
RENAME TO test2;",<none>
ALTER TABLE public.test2
SET SCHEMA test;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,38,1,DDL,ALTER TABLE,TABLE,test.test2,"ALTER TABLE public.test2
SET SCHEMA test;",<none>
ALTER TABLE test.test2
ADD COLUMN description TEXT;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,39,1,DDL,ALTER TABLE,TABLE,test.test2,"ALTER TABLE test.test2
ADD COLUMN description TEXT;",<none>
ALTER TABLE test.test2
DROP COLUMN description;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,40,1,DDL,ALTER TABLE,TABLE COLUMN,test.test2.description,"ALTER TABLE test.test2
DROP COLUMN description;",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,40,1,DDL,ALTER TABLE,TABLE,test.test2,"ALTER TABLE test.test2
DROP COLUMN description;",<none>
DROP TABLE test.test2;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,41,1,DDL,DROP TABLE,TABLE,test.test2,DROP TABLE test.test2;,<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,41,1,DDL,DROP TABLE,TABLE CONSTRAINT,test_pkey on test.test2,DROP TABLE test.test2;,<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,41,1,DDL,DROP TABLE,INDEX,test.test_pkey,DROP TABLE test.test2;,<none>
--
-- Test multiple statements with one semi-colon
CREATE SCHEMA foo
CREATE TABLE foo.bar (id int)
CREATE TABLE foo.baz (id int);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,42,1,DDL,CREATE SCHEMA,SCHEMA,foo,"CREATE SCHEMA foo
CREATE TABLE foo.bar (id int)
CREATE TABLE foo.baz (id int);",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,42,1,DDL,CREATE SCHEMA,TABLE,foo.bar,"CREATE SCHEMA foo
CREATE TABLE foo.bar (id int)
CREATE TABLE foo.baz (id int);",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,42,1,DDL,CREATE SCHEMA,TABLE,foo.baz,"CREATE SCHEMA foo
CREATE TABLE foo.bar (id int)
CREATE TABLE foo.baz (id int);",<none>
--
-- Test aggregate
CREATE FUNCTION public.int_add
(
a INT,
b INT
)
RETURNS INT LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
BEGIN
return a + b;
END $$;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,43,1,DDL,CREATE FUNCTION,FUNCTION,"public.int_add(integer,integer)","CREATE FUNCTION public.int_add
(
a INT,
b INT
)
RETURNS INT LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
BEGIN
return a + b;
END $$;",<none>
SELECT int_add(1, 1);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,44,1,READ,SELECT,,,"SELECT int_add(1, 1);",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,44,2,FUNCTION,EXECUTE,FUNCTION,public.int_add,"SELECT int_add(1, 1);",<none>
int_add
---------
2
(1 row)
CREATE AGGREGATE public.sum_test(INT) (SFUNC=public.int_add, STYPE=INT, INITCOND='0');
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,45,1,DDL,CREATE AGGREGATE,AGGREGATE,public.sum_test(integer),"CREATE AGGREGATE public.sum_test(INT) (SFUNC=public.int_add, STYPE=INT, INITCOND='0');",<none>
ALTER AGGREGATE public.sum_test(integer) RENAME TO sum_test2;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,46,1,DDL,ALTER AGGREGATE,AGGREGATE,public.sum_test2(integer),ALTER AGGREGATE public.sum_test(integer) RENAME TO sum_test2;,<none>
--
-- Test conversion
CREATE CONVERSION public.conversion_test FOR 'SQL_ASCII' TO 'MULE_INTERNAL' FROM pg_catalog.ascii_to_mic;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,47,1,DDL,CREATE CONVERSION,CONVERSION,public.conversion_test,CREATE CONVERSION public.conversion_test FOR 'SQL_ASCII' TO 'MULE_INTERNAL' FROM pg_catalog.ascii_to_mic;,<none>
ALTER CONVERSION public.conversion_test RENAME TO conversion_test2;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,48,1,DDL,ALTER CONVERSION,CONVERSION,public.conversion_test2,ALTER CONVERSION public.conversion_test RENAME TO conversion_test2;,<none>
--
-- Test create/alter/drop database
CREATE DATABASE contrib_regression_pgaudit;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,49,1,DDL,CREATE DATABASE,,,CREATE DATABASE contrib_regression_pgaudit;,<none>
ALTER DATABASE contrib_regression_pgaudit RENAME TO contrib_regression_pgaudit2;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,50,1,DDL,ALTER DATABASE,,,ALTER DATABASE contrib_regression_pgaudit RENAME TO contrib_regression_pgaudit2;,<none>
DROP DATABASE contrib_regression_pgaudit2;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,51,1,DDL,DROP DATABASE,,,DROP DATABASE contrib_regression_pgaudit2;,<none>
--
-- Test that frees a memory context earlier than expected
CREATE TABLE hoge
(
id int
);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,52,1,DDL,CREATE TABLE,TABLE,public.hoge,"CREATE TABLE hoge
(
id int
);",<none>
CREATE FUNCTION test()
RETURNS INT AS $$
DECLARE
cur1 cursor for select * from hoge;
tmp int;
BEGIN
OPEN cur1;
FETCH cur1 into tmp;
RETURN tmp;
END $$
LANGUAGE plpgsql ;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,53,1,DDL,CREATE FUNCTION,FUNCTION,public.test(),"CREATE FUNCTION test()
RETURNS INT AS $$
DECLARE
cur1 cursor for select * from hoge;
tmp int;
BEGIN
OPEN cur1;
FETCH cur1 into tmp;
RETURN tmp;
END $$
LANGUAGE plpgsql ;",<none>
SELECT test();
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,54,1,READ,SELECT,,,SELECT test();,<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,54,2,FUNCTION,EXECUTE,FUNCTION,public.test,SELECT test();,<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,54,3,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.hoge,select * from hoge,<none>
CONTEXT: PL/pgSQL function test() line 6 at OPEN
test
------
(1 row)
--
-- Delete all rows then delete 1 row
SET pg_audit.log = 'write';
SET pg_audit.role = 'auditor';
create table bar
(
col int
);
grant delete
on bar
to auditor;
insert into bar (col)
values (1);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,55,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.bar,"insert into bar (col)
values (1);",<none>
delete from bar;
NOTICE: AUDIT: OBJECT,56,1,WRITE,DELETE,TABLE,public.bar,delete from bar;,<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,56,1,WRITE,DELETE,TABLE,public.bar,delete from bar;,<none>
insert into bar (col)
values (1);
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,57,1,WRITE,INSERT,TABLE,public.bar,"insert into bar (col)
values (1);",<none>
delete from bar
where col = 1;
NOTICE: AUDIT: OBJECT,58,1,WRITE,DELETE,TABLE,public.bar,"delete from bar
where col = 1;",<none>
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,58,1,WRITE,DELETE,TABLE,public.bar,"delete from bar
where col = 1;",<none>
drop table bar;
--
-- Grant roles to each other
SET pg_audit.log = 'role';
GRANT user1 TO user2;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,59,1,ROLE,GRANT ROLE,,,GRANT user1 TO user2;,<none>
REVOKE user1 FROM user2;
NOTICE: AUDIT: SESSION,60,1,ROLE,REVOKE ROLE,,,REVOKE user1 FROM user2;,<none>

22
contrib/pg_audit/pg_audit--1.0.0.sql
Unescape View File

@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
/* pg_audit/pg_audit--1.0.0.sql */
-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION
\echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION pg_audit" to load this file.\quit
CREATE FUNCTION pg_audit_ddl_command_end()
RETURNS event_trigger
LANGUAGE C
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pg_audit_ddl_command_end';
CREATE EVENT TRIGGER pg_audit_ddl_command_end
ON ddl_command_end
EXECUTE PROCEDURE pg_audit_ddl_command_end();
CREATE FUNCTION pg_audit_sql_drop()
RETURNS event_trigger
LANGUAGE C
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pg_audit_sql_drop';
CREATE EVENT TRIGGER pg_audit_sql_drop
ON sql_drop
EXECUTE PROCEDURE pg_audit_sql_drop();

1870
contrib/pg_audit/pg_audit.c
View File

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

1
contrib/pg_audit/pg_audit.conf
Unescape View File

@ -0,0 +1 @@
shared_preload_libraries = pg_audit

5
contrib/pg_audit/pg_audit.control
Unescape View File

@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
# pg_audit extension
comment = 'provides auditing functionality'
default_version = '1.0.0'
module_pathname = '$libdir/pg_audit'
relocatable = true

617
contrib/pg_audit/sql/pg_audit.sql
Unescape View File

@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
-- Load pg_audit module
create extension pg_audit;
--
-- Audit log fields are:
-- AUDIT_TYPE - SESSION or OBJECT
-- STATEMENT_ID - ID of the statement in the current backend
-- SUBSTATEMENT_ID - ID of the substatement in the current backend
-- CLASS - Class of statement being logged (e.g. ROLE, READ, WRITE)
-- COMMAND - e.g. SELECT, CREATE ROLE, UPDATE
-- OBJECT_TYPE - When available, type of object acted on (e.g. TABLE, VIEW)
-- OBJECT_NAME - When available, fully-qualified table of object
-- STATEMENT - The statement being logged
-- PARAMETER - If parameter logging is requested, they will follow the
-- statement
--
-- Create a superuser role that we know the name of for testing
CREATE USER super SUPERUSER;
ALTER ROLE super SET pg_audit.log = 'Role';
ALTER ROLE super SET pg_audit.log_level = 'notice';
\connect contrib_regression super;
--
-- Create auditor role
CREATE ROLE auditor;
--
-- Create first test user
CREATE USER user1;
ALTER ROLE user1 SET pg_audit.log = 'ddl, ROLE';
ALTER ROLE user1 SET pg_audit.log_level = 'notice';
--
-- Create, select, drop (select will not be audited)
\connect contrib_regression user1
CREATE TABLE public.test (id INT);
SELECT * FROM test;
DROP TABLE test;
--
-- Create second test user
\connect contrib_regression super
CREATE USER user2;
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log = 'Read, writE';
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log_catalog = OFF;
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log_level = 'warning';
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.role = auditor;
ALTER ROLE user2 SET pg_audit.log_statement_once = ON;
\connect contrib_regression user2
CREATE TABLE test2 (id INT);
GRANT SELECT ON TABLE public.test2 TO auditor;
--
-- Role-based tests
CREATE TABLE test3
(
id INT
);
SELECT count(*)
FROM
(
SELECT relname
FROM pg_class
LIMIT 1
) SUBQUERY;
SELECT *
FROM test3, test2;
GRANT INSERT
ON TABLE public.test3
TO auditor;
--
-- Create a view to test logging
CREATE VIEW vw_test3 AS
SELECT *
FROM test3;
GRANT SELECT
ON vw_test3
TO auditor;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select on vw_test3
-- select on test2
SELECT *
FROM vw_test3, test2;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert on test3
-- select on test2
WITH CTE AS
(
SELECT id
FROM test2
)
INSERT INTO test3
SELECT id
FROM cte;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert on test3
WITH CTE AS
(
INSERT INTO test3 VALUES (1)
RETURNING id
)
INSERT INTO test2
SELECT id
FROM cte;
GRANT UPDATE ON TABLE public.test2 TO auditor;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert on test3
-- update on test2
WITH CTE AS
(
UPDATE test2
SET id = 1
RETURNING id
)
INSERT INTO test3
SELECT id
FROM cte;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert on test2
WITH CTE AS
(
INSERT INTO test2 VALUES (1)
RETURNING id
)
UPDATE test3
SET id = cte.id
FROM cte
WHERE test3.id <> cte.id;
--
-- Change permissions of user 2 so that only object logging will be done
\connect contrib_regression super
alter role user2 set pg_audit.log = 'NONE';
\connect contrib_regression user2
--
-- Create test4 and add permissions
CREATE TABLE test4
(
id int,
name text
);
GRANT SELECT (name)
ON TABLE public.test4
TO auditor;
GRANT UPDATE (id)
ON TABLE public.test4
TO auditor;
GRANT insert (name)
ON TABLE public.test4
TO auditor;
--
-- Not object logged
SELECT id
FROM public.test4;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (name) on test4
SELECT name
FROM public.test4;
--
-- Not object logged
INSERT INTO public.test4 (id)
VALUES (1);
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- insert (name) on test4
INSERT INTO public.test4 (name)
VALUES ('test');
--
-- Not object logged
UPDATE public.test4
SET name = 'foo';
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- update (id) on test4
UPDATE public.test4
SET id = 1;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- update (name) on test4
-- update (name) takes precedence over select (name) due to ordering
update public.test4 set name = 'foo' where name = 'bar';
--
-- Drop test tables
DROP TABLE test2;
DROP VIEW vw_test3;
DROP TABLE test3;
DROP TABLE test4;
--
-- Change permissions of user 1 so that session logging will be done
\connect contrib_regression super
alter role user1 set pg_audit.log = 'DDL, READ';
\connect contrib_regression user1
--
-- Create table is session logged
CREATE TABLE public.account
(
id INT,
name TEXT,
password TEXT,
description TEXT
);
--
-- Select is session logged
SELECT *
FROM account;
--
-- Insert is not logged
INSERT INTO account (id, name, password, description)
VALUES (1, 'user1', 'HASH1', 'blah, blah');
--
-- Change permissions of user 1 so that only object logging will be done
\connect contrib_regression super
alter role user1 set pg_audit.log = 'none';
alter role user1 set pg_audit.role = 'auditor';
\connect contrib_regression user1
--
-- ROLE class not set, so auditor grants not logged
GRANT SELECT (password),
UPDATE (name, password)
ON TABLE public.account
TO auditor;
--
-- Not object logged
SELECT id,
name
FROM account;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (password) on account
SELECT password
FROM account;
--
-- Not object logged
UPDATE account
SET description = 'yada, yada';
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- update (password) on account
UPDATE account
SET password = 'HASH2';
--
-- Change permissions of user 1 so that session relation logging will be done
\connect contrib_regression super
alter role user1 set pg_audit.log_relation = on;
alter role user1 set pg_audit.log = 'read, WRITE';
\connect contrib_regression user1
--
-- Not logged
create table ACCOUNT_ROLE_MAP
(
account_id INT,
role_id INT
);
--
-- ROLE class not set, so auditor grants not logged
GRANT SELECT
ON TABLE public.account_role_map
TO auditor;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (password) on account
-- select on account_role_map
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
SELECT account.password,
account_role_map.role_id
FROM account
INNER JOIN account_role_map
on account.id = account_role_map.account_id;
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (password) on account
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
SELECT password
FROM account;
--
-- Not object logged
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
UPDATE account
SET description = 'yada, yada';
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- select (password) on account (in the where clause)
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
UPDATE account
SET description = 'yada, yada'
where password = 'HASH2';
--
-- Object logged because of:
-- update (password) on account
-- Session logged on all tables because log = read and log_relation = on
UPDATE account
SET password = 'HASH2';
--
-- Change back to superuser to do exhaustive tests
\connect contrib_regression super
SET pg_audit.log = 'ALL';
SET pg_audit.log_level = 'notice';
SET pg_audit.log_relation = ON;
SET pg_audit.log_parameter = ON;
--
-- Simple DO block
DO $$
BEGIN
raise notice 'test';
END $$;
--
-- Create test schema
CREATE SCHEMA test;
--
-- Copy account to stdout
COPY account TO stdout;
--
-- Create a table from a query
CREATE TABLE test.account_copy AS
SELECT *
FROM account;
--
-- Copy from stdin to account copy
COPY test.account_copy from stdin;
1 user1 HASH2 yada, yada
\.
--
-- Test prepared statement
PREPARE pgclassstmt (oid) AS
SELECT *
FROM account
WHERE id = $1;
EXECUTE pgclassstmt (1);
DEALLOCATE pgclassstmt;
--
-- Test cursor
BEGIN;
DECLARE ctest SCROLL CURSOR FOR
SELECT count(*)
FROM
(
SELECT relname
FROM pg_class
LIMIT 1
) subquery;
FETCH NEXT FROM ctest;
CLOSE ctest;
COMMIT;
--
-- Turn off log_catalog and pg_class will not be logged
SET pg_audit.log_catalog = OFF;
SELECT count(*)
FROM
(
SELECT relname
FROM pg_class
LIMIT 1
) subquery;
--
-- Test prepared insert
CREATE TABLE test.test_insert
(
id INT
);
PREPARE pgclassstmt (oid) AS
INSERT INTO test.test_insert (id)
VALUES ($1);
EXECUTE pgclassstmt (1);
--
-- Check that primary key creation is logged
CREATE TABLE public.test
(
id INT,
name TEXT,
description TEXT,
CONSTRAINT test_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
--
-- Check that analyze is logged
ANALYZE test;
--
-- Grants to public should not cause object logging (session logging will
-- still happen)
GRANT SELECT
ON TABLE public.test
TO PUBLIC;
SELECT *
FROM test;
-- Check that statements without columns log
SELECT
FROM test;
SELECT 1,
current_user;
DO $$
DECLARE
test INT;
BEGIN
SELECT 1
INTO test;
END $$;
explain select 1;
--
-- Test that looks inside of do blocks log
INSERT INTO TEST (id)
VALUES (1);
INSERT INTO TEST (id)
VALUES (2);
INSERT INTO TEST (id)
VALUES (3);
DO $$
DECLARE
result RECORD;
BEGIN
FOR result IN
SELECT id
FROM test
LOOP
INSERT INTO test (id)
VALUES (result.id + 100);
END LOOP;
END $$;
--
-- Test obfuscated dynamic sql for clean logging
DO $$
DECLARE
table_name TEXT = 'do_table';
BEGIN
EXECUTE 'CREATE TABLE ' || table_name || ' ("weird name" INT)';
EXECUTE 'DROP table ' || table_name;
END $$;
--
-- Generate an error and make sure the stack gets cleared
DO $$
BEGIN
CREATE TABLE bogus.test_block
(
id INT
);
END $$;
--
-- Test alter table statements
ALTER TABLE public.test
DROP COLUMN description ;
ALTER TABLE public.test
RENAME TO test2;
ALTER TABLE public.test2
SET SCHEMA test;
ALTER TABLE test.test2
ADD COLUMN description TEXT;
ALTER TABLE test.test2
DROP COLUMN description;
DROP TABLE test.test2;
--
-- Test multiple statements with one semi-colon
CREATE SCHEMA foo
CREATE TABLE foo.bar (id int)
CREATE TABLE foo.baz (id int);
--
-- Test aggregate
CREATE FUNCTION public.int_add
(
a INT,
b INT
)
RETURNS INT LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
BEGIN
return a + b;
END $$;
SELECT int_add(1, 1);
CREATE AGGREGATE public.sum_test(INT) (SFUNC=public.int_add, STYPE=INT, INITCOND='0');
ALTER AGGREGATE public.sum_test(integer) RENAME TO sum_test2;
--
-- Test conversion
CREATE CONVERSION public.conversion_test FOR 'SQL_ASCII' TO 'MULE_INTERNAL' FROM pg_catalog.ascii_to_mic;
ALTER CONVERSION public.conversion_test RENAME TO conversion_test2;
--
-- Test create/alter/drop database
CREATE DATABASE contrib_regression_pgaudit;
ALTER DATABASE contrib_regression_pgaudit RENAME TO contrib_regression_pgaudit2;
DROP DATABASE contrib_regression_pgaudit2;
--
-- Test that frees a memory context earlier than expected
CREATE TABLE hoge
(
id int
);
CREATE FUNCTION test()
RETURNS INT AS $$
DECLARE
cur1 cursor for select * from hoge;
tmp int;
BEGIN
OPEN cur1;
FETCH cur1 into tmp;
RETURN tmp;
END $$
LANGUAGE plpgsql ;
SELECT test();
--
-- Delete all rows then delete 1 row
SET pg_audit.log = 'write';
SET pg_audit.role = 'auditor';
create table bar
(
col int
);
grant delete
on bar
to auditor;
insert into bar (col)
values (1);
delete from bar;
insert into bar (col)
values (1);
delete from bar
where col = 1;
drop table bar;
--
-- Grant roles to each other
SET pg_audit.log = 'role';
GRANT user1 TO user2;
REVOKE user1 FROM user2;

1
doc/src/sgml/contrib.sgml
Unescape View File

@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ CREATE EXTENSION <replaceable>module_name</> FROM unpackaged;
&ltree;
&pageinspect;
&passwordcheck;
&pgaudit;
&pgbuffercache;
&pgcrypto;
&pgfreespacemap;

1
doc/src/sgml/filelist.sgml
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@ -126,6 +126,7 @@
<!ENTITY oid2name SYSTEM "oid2name.sgml">
<!ENTITY pageinspect SYSTEM "pageinspect.sgml">
<!ENTITY passwordcheck SYSTEM "passwordcheck.sgml">
<!ENTITY pgaudit SYSTEM "pgaudit.sgml">
<!ENTITY pgbuffercache SYSTEM "pgbuffercache.sgml">
<!ENTITY pgcrypto SYSTEM "pgcrypto.sgml">
<!ENTITY pgfreespacemap SYSTEM "pgfreespacemap.sgml">

678
doc/src/sgml/pgaudit.sgml
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@ -0,0 +1,678 @@
<!-- doc/src/sgml/pgaudit.sgml -->
<sect1 id="pgaudit" xreflabel="pgaudit">
<title>pg_audit</title>
<indexterm zone="pgaudit">
<primary>pg_audit</primary>
</indexterm>
<para>
The <filename>pg_audit</filename> extension provides detailed session
and/or object audit logging via the standard logging facility. The goal
is to provide the tools needed to produce audit logs required to pass any
government, financial, or ISO certification audit.
</para>
<para>
An audit is an official inspection of an individual's or organization's
accounts, typically by an independent body. The information gathered by
<filename>pg_audit</filename> is properly called an audit trail or audit
log. The term audit log is used in this documentation.
</para>
<sect2>
<title>Why <literal>pg_audit</>?</title>
<para>
Basic statement logging can be provided by the standard logging facility
using <literal>log_statement = all</>. This is acceptable for monitoring
and other usages but does not provide the level of detail generally
required for an audit. It is not enough to have a list of all the
operations performed against the database. It must also be possible to
find particular statements that are of interest to an auditor. The
standard logging facility shows what the user requested, while
<literal>pg_audit</> focuses on the details of what happened while
the database was satisfying the request.
</para>
<para>
For example, an auditor may want to verify that a particular table was
created inside a documented maintenance window. This might seem like a
simple job for grep, but what if you are presented with something like
this (intentionally obfuscated) example:
</para>
<programlisting>
DO $$
BEGIN
EXECUTE 'CREATE TABLE import' || 'ant_table (id INT)';
END $$;
</programlisting>
<para>
Standard logging will give you this:
</para>
<programlisting>
LOG: statement: DO $$
BEGIN
EXECUTE 'CREATE TABLE import' || 'ant_table (id INT)';
END $$;
</programlisting>
<para>
It appears that finding the table of interest may require some knowledge
of the code in cases where tables are created dynamically. This is not
ideal since it would be preferrable to just search on the table name.
This is where <literal>pg_audit</> comes in. For the same input,
it will produce this output in the log:
</para>
<programlisting>
AUDIT: SESSION,33,1,FUNCTION,DO,,,"DO $$
BEGIN
EXECUTE 'CREATE TABLE import' || 'ant_table (id INT)';
END $$;"
AUDIT: SESSION,33,2,DDL,CREATE TABLE,TABLE,public.important_table,CREATE TABLE important_table (id INT)
</programlisting>
<para>
Not only is the <literal>DO</> block logged, but substatement 2 contains
the full text of the <literal>CREATE TABLE</> with the statement type,
object type, and full-qualified name to make searches easy.
</para>
<para>
When logging <literal>SELECT</> and <literal>DML</> statements,
<literal>pg_audit</> can be configured to log a separate entry for each
relation referenced in a statement. No parsing is required to find all
statements that touch a particular table. In fact, the goal is that the
statement text is provided primarily for deep forensics and should not be
the required for an audit.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Usage Considerations</title>
<para>
Depending on settings, it is possible for <literal>pg_audit</literal> to
generate an enormous volume of logging. Be careful to determine
exactly what needs to be audit logged in your environment to avoid
logging too much.
</para>
<para>
For example, when working in an OLAP environment it would probably not be
wise to audit log inserts into a large fact table. The size of the log
file will likely be many times the actual data size of the inserts because
the log file is expressed as text. Since logs are generally stored with
the OS this may lead to disk space being exhausted very
quickly. In cases where it is not possible to limit audit logging to
certain tables, be sure to assess the performance impact while testing
and allocate plenty of space on the log volume. This may also be true for
OLTP environments. Even if the insert volume is not as high, the
performance impact of audit logging may still noticeably affect latency.
</para>
<para>
To limit the number of relations audit logged for <literal>SELECT</>
and <literal>DML</> statments, consider using object audit logging
(see <xref linkend="pgaudit-object-audit-logging">). Object audit logging
allows selection of the relations to be logged allowing for reduction
of the overall log volume. However, when new relations are added they
must be explicitly added to object audit logging. A programmatic
solution where specified tables are excluded from logging and all others
are included may be a good option in this case.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Settings</title>
<para>
Settings may be modified only by a superuser. Allowing normal users to
change their settings would defeat the point of an audit log.
</para>
<para>
Settings can be specified globally (in
<filename>postgresql.conf</filename> or using
<literal>ALTER SYSTEM ... SET</>), at the database level (using
<literal>ALTER DATABASE ... SET</literal>), or at the role level (using
<literal>ALTER ROLE ... SET</literal>). Note that settings are not
inherited through normal role inheritance and <literal>SET ROLE</> will
not alter a user's <literal>pg_audit</> settings. This is a limitation
of the roles system and not inherent to <literal>pg_audit</>.
</para>
<para>
The <literal>pg_audit</> extension must be loaded in
<xref linkend="guc-shared-preload-libraries">. Otherwise, an error
will be raised at load time and no audit logging will occur.
</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry id="guc-pgaudit-log" xreflabel="pg_audit.log">
<term><varname>pg_audit.log</varname> (<type>string</type>)
<indexterm>
<primary><varname>pg_audit.log</> configuration parameter</primary>
</indexterm>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies which classes of statements will be logged by session
audit logging. Possible values are:
</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>READ</literal> - <literal>SELECT</literal> and
<literal>COPY</literal> when the source is a relation or a
query.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>WRITE</literal> - <literal>INSERT</literal>,
<literal>UPDATE</literal>, <literal>DELETE</literal>,
<literal>TRUNCATE</literal>, and <literal>COPY</literal> when the
destination is a relation.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>FUNCTION</literal> - Function calls and
<literal>DO</literal> blocks.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>ROLE</literal> - Statements related to roles and
privileges: <literal>GRANT</literal>,
<literal>REVOKE</literal>,
<literal>CREATE/ALTER/DROP ROLE</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>DDL</literal> - All <literal>DDL</> that is not included
in the <literal>ROLE</> class plus <literal>REINDEX</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>MISC</literal> - Miscellaneous commands, e.g.
<literal>DISCARD</literal>, <literal>FETCH</literal>,
<literal>CHECKPOINT</literal>, <literal>VACUUM</literal>.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>
Multiple classes can be provided using a comma-separated list and
classes can be subtracted by prefacing the class with a
<literal>-</> sign (see <xref linkend="pgaudit-session-audit-logging">).
The default is <literal>none</>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="guc-pgaudit-log-catalog" xreflabel="pg_audit.log_catalog">
<term><varname>pg_audit.log_catalog</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)
<indexterm>
<primary><varname>pg_audit.log_catalog</> configuration parameter</primary>
</indexterm>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies that session logging should be enabled in the case where all
relations in a statement are in pg_catalog. Disabling this setting
will reduce noise in the log from tools like psql and PgAdmin that query
the catalog heavily. The default is <literal>on</>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="guc-pgaudit-log-level" xreflabel="pg_audit.log_level">
<term><varname>pg_audit.log_level</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)
<indexterm>
<primary><varname>pg_audit.log_level</> configuration parameter</primary>
</indexterm>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies the log level that will be used for log entries (see
<xref linkend="RUNTIME-CONFIG-SEVERITY-LEVELS"> for valid levels).
This setting is used for regression testing and may also be useful
to end users for testing or other purposes. It is not intended to
be used in a production environment as it may leak which statements
are being logged to the user. The default is <literal>log</>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="guc-pgaudit-log-parameter" xreflabel="pg_audit.log_parameter">
<term><varname>pg_audit.log_parameter</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)
<indexterm>
<primary><varname>pg_audit.log_parameter</> configuration parameter</primary>
</indexterm>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies that audit logging should include the parameters that
were passed with the statement. When parameters are present they will
be included in CSV format after the statement text. The default is
<literal>off</>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="guc-pgaudit-log-relation" xreflabel="pg_audit.log_relation">
<term><varname>pg_audit.log_relation</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)
<indexterm>
<primary><varname>pg_audit.log_relation</> configuration parameter</primary>
</indexterm>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies whether session audit logging should create a separate
log entry for each relation (<literal>TABLE</>, <literal>VIEW</>,
etc.) referenced in a <literal>SELECT</> or <literal>DML</>
statement. This is a useful shortcut for exhaustive logging
without using object audit logging. The default is
<literal>off</>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="guc-pgaudit-log-statement-once" xreflabel="pg_audit.log_statement-once">
<term><varname>pg_audit.log_statement_once</varname> (<type>boolean</type>)
<indexterm>
<primary><varname>pg_audit.log_statement_once</> configuration parameter</primary>
</indexterm>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies whether logging will include the statement text and
parameters with the first log entry for a statement/substatement
combination or with every entry. Disabling this setting will
result in less verbose logging but may make it more difficult to
determine the statement that generated a log entry, though the
statement/substatement pair along with the process id should suffice
to identify the statement text logged with a previous entry. The
default is <literal>off</>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="guc-pgaudit-role" xreflabel="pg_audit.role">
<term><varname>pg_audit.role</varname> (<type>string</type>)
<indexterm>
<primary><varname>pg_audit.role</> configuration parameter</primary>
</indexterm>
</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Specifies the master role to use for object audit logging. Muliple
audit roles can be defined by granting them to the master role.
This allows multiple groups to be in charge of different aspects
of audit logging. There is no default.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="pgaudit-session-audit-logging">
<title>Session Audit Logging</title>
<para>
Session audit logging provides detailed logs of all statements executed
by a user in the backend.
</para>
<sect3>
<title>Configuration</title>
<para>
Session logging is enabled with the <xref linkend="guc-pgaudit-log">
setting.
Enable session logging for all <literal>DML</> and <literal>DDL</> and
log all relations in <literal>DML</> statements:
<programlisting>
set pg_audit.log = 'write, ddl';
set pg_audit.log_relation = on;
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
Enable session logging for all commands except <literal>MISC</> and
raise audit log messages as <literal>NOTICE</>:
<programlisting>
set pg_audit.log = 'all, -misc';
set pg_audit.log_notice = on;
</programlisting>
</para>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Example</title>
<para>
In this example session audit logging is used for logging
<literal>DDL</> and <literal>SELECT</> statements. Note that the
insert statement is not logged since the <literal>WRITE</> class
is not enabled
</para>
<para>
SQL:
</para>
<programlisting>
set pg_audit.log = 'read, ddl';
create table account
(
id int,
name text,
password text,
description text
);
insert into account (id, name, password, description)
values (1, 'user1', 'HASH1', 'blah, blah');
select *
from account;
</programlisting>
<para>
Log Output:
</para>
<programlisting>
AUDIT: SESSION,1,1,DDL,CREATE TABLE,TABLE,public.account,create table account
(
id int,
name text,
password text,
description text
);
AUDIT: SESSION,2,1,READ,SELECT,,,select *
from account
</programlisting>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="pgaudit-object-audit-logging">
<title>Object Auditing</title>
<para>
Object audit logging logs statements that affect a particular relation.
Only <literal>SELECT</>, <literal>INSERT</>, <literal>UPDATE</> and
<literal>DELETE</> commands are supported. <literal>TRUNCATE</> is not
included because there is no specific privilege for it.
</para>
<para>
Object audit logging is intended to be a finer-grained replacement for
<literal>pg_audit.log = 'read, write'</literal>. As such, it may not
make sense to use them in conjunction but one possible scenario would
be to use session logging to capture each statement and then supplement
that with object logging to get more detail about specific relations.
</para>
<sect3>
<title>Configuration</title>
<para>
Object-level audit logging is implemented via the roles system. The
<xref linkend="guc-pgaudit-role"> setting defines the role that
will be used for audit logging. A relation (<literal>TABLE</>,
<literal>VIEW</>, etc.) will be audit logged when the audit role has
permissions for the command executed or inherits the permissions from
another role. This allows you to effectively have multiple audit roles
even though there is a single master role in any context.
</para>
<para>
Set <xref linkend="guc-pgaudit-role"> to <literal>auditor</> and
grant <literal>SELECT</> and <literal>DELETE</> privileges on the
<literal>account</> table. Any <literal>SELECT</> or
<literal>DELETE</> statements on <literal>account</> will now be
logged:
</para>
<programlisting>
set pg_audit.role = 'auditor';
grant select, delete
on public.account
to auditor;
</programlisting>
</sect3>
<sect3>
<title>Example</title>
<para>
In this example object audit logging is used to illustrate how a
granular approach may be taken towards logging of <literal>SELECT</>
and <literal>DML</> statements. Note that logging on the
<literal>account</> table is controlled by column-level permissions,
while logging on <literal>account_role_map</> is table-level.
</para>
<para>
SQL:
</para>
<programlisting>
set pg_audit.role = 'auditor';
create table account
(
id int,
name text,
password text,
description text
);
grant select (password)
on public.account
to auditor;
select id, name
from account;
select password
from account;
grant update (name, password)
on public.account
to auditor;
update account
set description = 'yada, yada';
update account
set password = 'HASH2';
create table account_role_map
(
account_id int,
role_id int
);
grant select
on public.account_role_map
to auditor;
select account.password,
account_role_map.role_id
from account
inner join account_role_map
on account.id = account_role_map.account_id
</programlisting>
<para>
Log Output:
</para>
<programlisting>
AUDIT: OBJECT,1,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,select password
from account
AUDIT: OBJECT,2,1,WRITE,UPDATE,TABLE,public.account,update account
set password = 'HASH2'
AUDIT: OBJECT,3,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account,select account.password,
account_role_map.role_id
from account
inner join account_role_map
on account.id = account_role_map.account_id
AUDIT: OBJECT,3,1,READ,SELECT,TABLE,public.account_role_map,select account.password,
account_role_map.role_id
from account
inner join account_role_map
on account.id = account_role_map.account_id
</programlisting>
</sect3>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Format</title>
<para>
Audit entries are written to the standard logging facility and contain
the following columns in comma-separated format:
<note>
<para>
Output is compliant CSV format only if the log line prefix portion
of each log entry is removed.
</para>
</note>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>AUDIT_TYPE</> - <literal>SESSION</> or
<literal>OBJECT</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>STATEMENT_ID</> - Unique statement ID for this session.
Each statement ID represents a backend call. Statement IDs are
sequential even if some statements are not logged. There may be
multiple entries for a statement ID when more than one relation
is logged.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>SUBSTATEMENT_ID</> - Sequential ID for each
substatement within the main statement. For example, calling
a function from a query. Substatement IDs are continuous
even if some substatements are not logged. There may be multiple
entries for a substatement ID when more than one relation is logged.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>CLASS</> - e.g. (<literal>READ</>,
<literal>ROLE</>) (see <xref linkend="guc-pgaudit-log">).
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>COMMAND</> - e.g. <literal>ALTER TABLE</>,
<literal>SELECT</>.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>OBJECT_TYPE</> - <literal>TABLE</>,
<literal>INDEX</>, <literal>VIEW</>, etc.
Available for <literal>SELECT</>, <literal>DML</> and most
<literal>DDL</> statements.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>OBJECT_NAME</> - The fully-qualified object name
(e.g. public.account). Available for <literal>SELECT</>,
<literal>DML</> and most <literal>DDL</> statements.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<literal>STATEMENT</> - Statement executed on the backend.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<para>
Use <xref linkend="guc-log-line-prefix"> to add any other fields that
are needed to satisfy your audit log requirements. A typical log line
prefix might be <literal>'%m %u %d: '</> which would provide the date/time,
user name, and database name for each audit log.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Caveats</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
Object renames are logged under the name they were renamed to.
For example, renaming a table will produce the following result:
</para>
<programlisting>
ALTER TABLE test RENAME TO test2;
AUDIT: SESSION,36,1,DDL,ALTER TABLE,TABLE,public.test2,ALTER TABLE test RENAME TO test2
</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
It is possible to have a command logged more than once. For example,
when a table is created with a primary key specified at creation time
the index for the primary key will be logged independently and another
audit log will be made for the index under the create entry. The
multiple entries will however be contained within one statement ID.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Autovacuum and Autoanalyze are not logged, nor are they intended to be.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Statements that are executed after a transaction enters an aborted state
will not be audit logged. However, the statement that caused the error
and any subsequent statements executed in the aborted transaction will
be logged as ERRORs by the standard logging facility.
</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</sect2>
<sect2>
<title>Authors</title>
<para>
Abhijit Menon-Sen <email>ams@2ndQuadrant.com</email>, Ian Barwick <email>ian@2ndQuadrant.com</email>, and David Steele <email>david@pgmasters.net</email>.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
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