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      src/test/regress/README

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Regression Tests
Introduction
Regression Tests
The regression tests are a comprehensive set of tests for the SQL
implementation in PostgreSQL. They test standard SQL operations as well as
the extended capabilities of PostgreSQL. The test suite was originally
developed by Jolly Chen and Andrew Yu, and was extensively revised and
repackaged by Marc Fournier and Thomas Lockhart. From PostgreSQL 6.1 onward
the regression tests are current for every official release.
implementation in PostgreSQL. They test standard SQL operations as well as the
extended capabilities of PostgreSQL. From PostgreSQL 6.1 onward, the regression
tests are current for every official release.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Running the Tests
The regression test can be run against an already installed and running
server, or using a temporary installation within the build tree.
Furthermore, there is a "parallel" and a "sequential" mode for running the
tests. The sequential method runs each test script in turn, whereas the
parallel method starts up multiple server processes to run groups of tests
in parallel. Parallel testing gives confidence that interprocess
communication and locking are working correctly. For historical reasons, the
sequential test is usually run against an existing installation and the
parallel method against a temporary installation, but there are no technical
reasons for this.
The regression test can be run against an already installed and running server,
or using a temporary installation within the build tree. Furthermore, there is
a "parallel" and a "sequential" mode for running the tests. The sequential
method runs each test script in turn, whereas the parallel method starts up
multiple server processes to run groups of tests in parallel. Parallel testing
gives confidence that interprocess communication and locking are working
correctly. For historical reasons, the sequential test is usually run against
an existing installation and the parallel method against a temporary
installation, but there are no technical reasons for this.
To run the regression tests after building but before installation, type
$ gmake check
gmake check
in the top-level directory. (Or you can change to src/test/regress and run
the command there.) This will first build several auxiliary files, such as
platform-dependent "expected" files and some sample user-defined trigger
functions, and then run the test driver script. At the end you should see
something like
in the top-level directory. (Or you can change to "src/test/regress" and run
the command there.) This will first build several auxiliary files, such as some
sample user-defined trigger functions, and then run the test driver script. At
the end you should see something like
======================
All 77 tests passed.
======================
======================
All 93 tests passed.
======================
or otherwise a note about what tests failed. See the Section called Test
or otherwise a note about which tests failed. See the Section called Test
Evaluation below for more.
Note: Because this test method runs a temporary server, it will
not work when you are the root user (the server will not start as
root). If you already did the build as root, you do not have to
start all over. Instead, make the regression test directory
writable by some other user, log in as that user, and restart the
tests. For example,
Because this test method runs a temporary server, it will not work when you are
the root user (since the server will not start as root). If you already did the
build as root, you do not have to start all over. Instead, make the regression
test directory writable by some other user, log in as that user, and restart
the tests. For example
root# chmod -R a+w src/test/regress
root# chmod -R a+w contrib/spi
root# su - joeuser
joeuser$ cd top-level build directory
joeuser$ gmake check
(The only possible "security risk" here is that other users might be able to
alter the regression test results behind your back. Use common sense when
managing user permissions.)
Alternatively, run the tests after installation.
The parallel regression test starts quite a few processes under your user ID.
Presently, the maximum concurrency is twenty parallel test scripts, which means
sixty processes: there's a server process, a psql, and usually a shell parent
process for the psql for each test script. So if your system enforces a per-
user limit on the number of processes, make sure this limit is at least
seventy-five or so, else you may get random-seeming failures in the parallel
test. If you are not in a position to raise the limit, you can cut down the
degree of parallelism by setting the MAX_CONNECTIONS parameter. For example,
root# chmod -R a+w src/test/regress
root# chmod -R a+w contrib/spi
root# su - joeuser
joeuser$ cd <build top-level directory>
joeuser$ gmake check
gmake MAX_CONNECTIONS=10 check
(The only possible "security risk" here is that other users might
be able to alter the regression test results behind your back. Use
common sense when managing user permissions.)
runs no more than ten tests concurrently.
Alternatively, run the tests after installation.
On some systems, the default Bourne-compatible shell ("/bin/sh") gets confused
when it has to manage too many child processes in parallel. This may cause the
parallel test run to lock up or fail. In such cases, specify a different
Bourne-compatible shell on the command line, for example:
Tip: On some systems, the default Bourne-compatible shell
(/bin/sh) gets confused when it has to manage too many child
processes in parallel. This may cause the parallel test run to
lock up or fail. In such cases, specify a different
Bourne-compatible shell on the command line, for example:
gmake SHELL=/bin/ksh check
$ gmake SHELL=/bin/ksh check
If no non-broken shell is available, you may be able to work around the problem
by limiting the number of connections, as shown above.
To run the tests after installation, initialize a data area and start the
server, then type
$ gmake installcheck
gmake installcheck
The tests will expect to contact the server at the local host and the
default port number, unless directed otherwise by PGHOST and PGPORT
environment variables.
The tests will expect to contact the server at the local host and the default
port number, unless directed otherwise by PGHOST and PGPORT environment
variables.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test Evaluation
Some properly installed and fully functional PostgreSQL installations can
"fail" some of these regression tests due to platform-specific artifacts
such as varying floating point representation and time zone support. The
tests are currently evaluated using a simple diff comparison against the
outputs generated on a reference system, so the results are sensitive to
small system differences. When a test is reported as "failed", always
examine the differences between expected and actual results; you may well
find that the differences are not significant. Nonetheless, we still strive
to maintain accurate reference files across all supported platforms, so it
can be expected that all tests pass.
The actual outputs of the regression tests are in files in the
src/test/regress/results directory. The test script uses diff to compare
each output file against the reference outputs stored in the
src/test/regress/expected directory. Any differences are saved for your
inspection in src/test/regress/regression.diffs. (Or you can run diff
yourself, if you prefer.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
"fail" some of these regression tests due to platform-specific artifacts such
as varying floating-point representation and time zone support. The tests are
currently evaluated using a simple "diff" comparison against the outputs
generated on a reference system, so the results are sensitive to small system
differences. When a test is reported as "failed", always examine the
differences between expected and actual results; you may well find that the
differences are not significant. Nonetheless, we still strive to maintain
accurate reference files across all supported platforms, so it can be expected
that all tests pass.
The actual outputs of the regression tests are in files in the "src/test/
regress/results" directory. The test script uses "diff" to compare each output
file against the reference outputs stored in the "src/test/regress/expected"
directory. Any differences are saved for your inspection in "src/test/regress/
regression.diffs". (Or you can run "diff" yourself, if you prefer.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Error message differences
Some of the regression tests involve intentional invalid input values. Error
messages can come from either the PostgreSQL code or from the host platform
system routines. In the latter case, the messages may vary between
platforms, but should reflect similar information. These differences in
messages will result in a "failed" regression test that can be validated by
inspection.
system routines. In the latter case, the messages may vary between platforms,
but should reflect similar information. These differences in messages will
result in a "failed" regression test that can be validated by inspection.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Locale differences
The tests expect to run in plain "C" locale. This should not cause any
problems when you run the tests against a temporary installation, since the
regression test driver takes care to start the server in C locale. However,
if you run the tests against an already-installed server that is using non-C
locale settings, you may see differences caused by varying rules for string
sort order, formatting of numeric and monetary values, and so forth.
In some locales the resulting differences are small and easily checked by
inspection. However, in a locale that changes the rules for formatting of
numeric values (typically by swapping the usage of commas and decimal
points), entry of some data values will fail, resulting in extensive
differences later in the tests where the missing data values are supposed to
be used.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
If you run the tests against an already-installed server that was initialized
with a collation-order locale other than C, then there may be differences due
to sort order and follow-up failures. The regression test suite is set up to
handle this problem by providing alternative result files that together are
known to handle a large number of locales. For example, for the char test, the
expected file "char.out" handles the C and POSIX locales, and the file
"char_1.out" handles many other locales. The regression test driver will
automatically pick the best file to match against when checking for success and
for computing failure differences. (This means that the regression tests cannot
detect whether the results are appropriate for the configured locale. The tests
will simply pick the one result file that works best.)
If for some reason the existing expected files do not cover some locale, you
can add a new file. The naming scheme is testname_digit.out. The actual digit
is not significant. Remember that the regression test driver will consider all
such files to be equally valid test results. If the test results are platform-
specific, the technique described in the Section called Platform-specific
comparison files should be used instead.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and time differences
Some of the queries in the timestamp test will fail if you run the test on
the day of a daylight-savings time changeover, or the day before or after
one. These queries assume that the intervals between midnight yesterday,
midnight today and midnight tomorrow are exactly twenty-four hours -- which
is wrong if daylight-savings time went into or out of effect meanwhile.
Most of the date and time results are dependent on the time zone
environment. The reference files are generated for time zone PST8PDT
(Berkeley, California) and there will be apparent failures if the tests are
not run with that time zone setting. The regression test driver sets
environment variable PGTZ to PST8PDT, which normally ensures proper results.
However, your system must provide library support for the PST8PDT time zone,
or the time zone-dependent tests will fail. To verify that your machine does
have this support, type the following:
$ env TZ=PST8PDT date
The command above should have returned the current system time in the
PST8PDT time zone. If the PST8PDT database is not available, then your
system may have returned the time in GMT. If the PST8PDT time zone is not
available, you can set the time zone rules explicitly:
A few of the queries in the "horology" test will fail if you run the test on
the day of a daylight-saving time changeover, or the day after one. These
queries expect that the intervals between midnight yesterday, midnight today
and midnight tomorrow are exactly twenty-four hours --- which is wrong if
daylight-saving time went into or out of effect meanwhile.
PGTZ='PST8PDT7,M04.01.0,M10.05.03'; export PGTZ
Note: Because USA daylight-saving time rules are used, this problem
always occurs on the first Sunday of April, the last Sunday of
October, and their following Mondays, regardless of when daylight-
saving time is in effect where you live. Also note that the problem
appears or disappears at midnight Pacific time (UTC-7 or UTC-8), not
midnight your local time. Thus the failure may appear late on
Saturday or persist through much of Tuesday, depending on where you
live.
There appear to be some systems that do not accept the recommended syntax
for explicitly setting the local time zone rules; you may need to use a
different PGTZ setting on such machines.
Most of the date and time results are dependent on the time zone environment.
The reference files are generated for time zone PST8PDT (Berkeley, California),
and there will be apparent failures if the tests are not run with that time
zone setting. The regression test driver sets environment variable PGTZ to
PST8PDT, which normally ensures proper results. However, your operating system
must provide support for the PST8PDT time zone, or the time zone-dependent
tests will fail. To verify that your machine does have this support, type the
following:
Some systems using older time zone libraries fail to apply daylight-savings
corrections to dates before 1970, causing pre-1970 PDT times to be displayed
in PST instead. This will result in localized differences in the test
results.
env TZ=PST8PDT date
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The command above should have returned the current system time in the PST8PDT
time zone. If the PST8PDT time zone is not available, then your system may have
returned the time in UTC. If the PST8PDT time zone is missing, you can set the
time zone rules explicitly:
Floating point differences
PGTZ='PST8PDT7,M04.01.0,M10.05.03'; export PGTZ
Some of the tests involve computing 64-bit (double precision) numbers from
table columns. Differences in results involving mathematical functions of
double precision columns have been observed. The float8 and geometry tests
are particularly prone to small differences across platforms, or even with
different compiler optimization options. Human eyeball comparison is needed
to determine the real significance of these differences which are usually 10
places to the right of the decimal point.
There appear to be some systems that do not accept the recommended syntax for
explicitly setting the local time zone rules; you may need to use a different
PGTZ setting on such machines.
Some systems signal errors from pow() and exp() differently from the
mechanism expected by the current PostgreSQL code.
Some systems using older time-zone libraries fail to apply daylight-saving
corrections to dates before 1970, causing pre-1970 PDT times to be displayed in
PST instead. This will result in localized differences in the test results.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Polygon differences
Floating-point differences
Several of the tests involve operations on geographic data about the
Oakland/Berkeley, California street map. The map data is expressed as
polygons whose vertices are represented as pairs of double precision numbers
(decimal latitude and longitude). Initially, some tables are created and
loaded with geographic data, then some views are created that join two
tables using the polygon intersection operator (##), then a select is done
on the view.
Some of the tests involve computing 64-bit floating-point numbers (double
precision) from table columns. Differences in results involving mathematical
functions of double precision columns have been observed. The float8 and
geometry tests are particularly prone to small differences across platforms, or
even with different compiler optimization options. Human eyeball comparison is
needed to determine the real significance of these differences which are
usually 10 places to the right of the decimal point.
When comparing the results from different platforms, differences occur in
the 2nd or 3rd place to the right of the decimal point. The SQL statements
where these problems occur are the following:
Some systems display minus zero as -0, while others just show 0.
SELECT * from street;
SELECT * from iexit;
Some systems signal errors from pow() and exp() differently from the mechanism
expected by the current PostgreSQL code.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Row ordering differences
You might see differences in which the same rows are output in a different
order than what appears in the expected file. In most cases this is not,
strictly speaking, a bug. Most of the regression test scripts are not so
pedantic as to use an ORDER BY for every single SELECT, and so their result
row orderings are not well-defined according to the letter of the SQL
pedantic as to use an ORDER BY for every single SELECT, and so their result row
orderings are not well-defined according to the letter of the SQL
specification. In practice, since we are looking at the same queries being
executed on the same data by the same software, we usually get the same
result ordering on all platforms, and so the lack of ORDER BY isn't a
problem. Some queries do exhibit cross-platform ordering differences,
however. (Ordering differences can also be triggered by non-C locale
settings.)
executed on the same data by the same software, we usually get the same result
ordering on all platforms, and so the lack of ORDER BY isn't a problem. Some
queries do exhibit cross-platform ordering differences, however. (Ordering
differences can also be triggered by non-C locale settings.)
Therefore, if you see an ordering difference, it's not something to worry
about, unless the query does have an ORDER BY that your result is violating.
But please report it anyway, so that we can add an ORDER BY to that
particular query and thereby eliminate the bogus "failure" in future
releases.
But please report it anyway, so that we can add an ORDER BY to that particular
query and thereby eliminate the bogus "failure" in future releases.
You might wonder why we don't order all the regress test queries explicitly
to get rid of this issue once and for all. The reason is that that would
make the regression tests less useful, not more, since they'd tend to
exercise query plan types that produce ordered results to the exclusion of
those that don't.
You might wonder why we don't order all the regression test queries explicitly
to get rid of this issue once and for all. The reason is that that would make
the regression tests less useful, not more, since they'd tend to exercise query
plan types that produce ordered results to the exclusion of those that don't.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The "random" test
There is at least one case in the "random" test script that is intended to
produce random results. This causes random to fail the regression test once
in a while (perhaps once in every five to ten trials). Typing
There is at least one case in the random test script that is intended to
produce random results. This causes random to fail the regression test once in
a while (perhaps once in every five to ten trials). Typing
diff results/random.out expected/random.out
diff results/random.out expected/random.out
should produce only one or a few lines of differences. You need not worry
unless the random test always fails in repeated attempts. (On the other
hand, if the random test is never reported to fail even in many trials of
the regression tests, you probably should worry.)
unless the random test always fails in repeated attempts. (On the other hand,
if the random test is *never* reported to fail even in many trials of the
regression tests, you probably *should* worry.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Platform-specific comparison files
Since some of the tests inherently produce platform-specific results, we have
provided a way to supply platform-specific result comparison files. Frequently,
the same variation applies to multiple platforms; rather than supplying a
separate comparison file for every platform, there is a mapping file that
defines which comparison file to use. So, to eliminate bogus test "failures"
for a particular platform, you must choose or make a variant result file, and
then add a line to the mapping file, which is "src/test/regress/resultmap".
Each line in the mapping file is of the form
testname/platformpattern=comparisonfilename
The test name is just the name of the particular regression test module. The
platform pattern is a pattern in the style of the Unix tool "expr" (that is, a
regular expression with an implicit ^ anchor at the start). It is matched
against the platform name as printed by "config.guess" followed by :gcc or :cc,
depending on whether you use the GNU compiler or the system's native compiler
(on systems where there is a difference). The comparison file name is the name
of the substitute result comparison file.
For example: some systems using older time zone libraries fail to apply
daylight-saving corrections to dates before 1970, causing pre-1970 PDT times to
be displayed in PST instead. This causes a few differences in the "horology"
regression test. Therefore, we provide a variant comparison file, "horology-no-
DST-before-1970.out", which includes the results to be expected on these
systems. To silence the bogus "failure" message on HPUX platforms, "resultmap"
includes
horology/.*-hpux=horology-no-DST-before-1970
which will trigger on any machine for which the output of "config.guess"
includes -hpux. Other lines in "resultmap" select the variant comparison file
for other platforms where it's appropriate.

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