Improve the performance of LIKE/regex estimation in non-C locales, by making

make_greater_string() try harder to generate a string that's actually greater
than its input string.  Before we just assumed that making a string that was
memcmp-greater was enough, but it is easy to generate examples where this is
not so when the locale is not C.  Instead, loop until the relevant comparison
function agrees that the generated string is greater than the input.

Unfortunately this is probably not enough to guarantee that the generated
string is greater than all extensions of the input, so we cannot relax the
restriction to C locale for the LIKE/regex index optimization.  But it should
at least improve the odds of getting a useful selectivity estimate in
prefix_selectivity().  Per example from Guillaume Smet.

Backpatch to 8.1, mainly because that's what the complainant is using...

src/backend/optimizer/path/indxpath.c

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
  *
  *
  * IDENTIFICATION
- *	  $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/indxpath.c,v 1.191.2.12 2007/07/31 19:54:00 tgl Exp $
+ *	  $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/indxpath.c,v 1.191.2.13 2007/11/07 22:37:43 tgl Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -2374,6 +2374,7 @@ prefix_quals(Node *leftop, Oid opclass,
 	Oid			datatype;
 	Oid			oproid;
 	Expr	   *expr;
+	FmgrInfo	ltproc;
 	Const	   *greaterstr;
 
 	Assert(pstatus != Pattern_Prefix_None);
@@ -2470,13 +2471,14 @@ prefix_quals(Node *leftop, Oid opclass,
 	 * "x < greaterstr".
 	 *-------
 	 */
-	greaterstr = make_greater_string(prefix_const);
+	oproid = get_opclass_member(opclass, InvalidOid,
+								BTLessStrategyNumber);
+	if (oproid == InvalidOid)
+		elog(ERROR, "no < operator for opclass %u", opclass);
+	fmgr_info(get_opcode(oproid), &ltproc);
+	greaterstr = make_greater_string(prefix_const, &ltproc);
 	if (greaterstr)
 	{
-		oproid = get_opclass_member(opclass, InvalidOid,
-									BTLessStrategyNumber);
-		if (oproid == InvalidOid)
-			elog(ERROR, "no < operator for opclass %u", opclass);
 		expr = make_opclause(oproid, BOOLOID, false,
 							 (Expr *) leftop, (Expr *) greaterstr);
 		result = lappend(result, make_restrictinfo(expr, true, false, NULL));

src/backend/utils/adt/selfuncs.c

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  *
  *
  * IDENTIFICATION
- *	  $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt/selfuncs.c,v 1.191.2.3 2007/01/03 22:39:42 tgl Exp $
+ *	  $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/utils/adt/selfuncs.c,v 1.191.2.4 2007/11/07 22:37:43 tgl Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -3747,6 +3747,7 @@ prefix_selectivity(PlannerInfo *root, Node *variable,
 	Selectivity prefixsel;
 	Oid			cmpopr;
 	List	   *cmpargs;
+	FmgrInfo	ltproc;
 	Const	   *greaterstrcon;
 
 	cmpopr = get_opclass_member(opclass, InvalidOid,
@@ -3766,15 +3767,17 @@ prefix_selectivity(PlannerInfo *root, Node *variable,
 	 *	"x < greaterstr".
 	 *-------
 	 */
-	greaterstrcon = make_greater_string(prefixcon);
+	cmpopr = get_opclass_member(opclass, InvalidOid,
+								BTLessStrategyNumber);
+	if (cmpopr == InvalidOid)
+		elog(ERROR, "no < operator for opclass %u", opclass);
+	fmgr_info(get_opcode(cmpopr), &ltproc);
+
+	greaterstrcon = make_greater_string(prefixcon, &ltproc);
 	if (greaterstrcon)
 	{
 		Selectivity topsel;
 
-		cmpopr = get_opclass_member(opclass, InvalidOid,
-									BTLessStrategyNumber);
-		if (cmpopr == InvalidOid)
-			elog(ERROR, "no < operator for opclass %u", opclass);
 		cmpargs = list_make2(variable, greaterstrcon);
 		/* Assume scalarltsel is appropriate for all supported types */
 		topsel = DatumGetFloat8(DirectFunctionCall4(scalarltsel,
@@ -4074,8 +4077,17 @@ pattern_selectivity(Const *patt, Pattern_Type ptype)
  * in the form of a Const pointer; else return NULL.
  *
  * The key requirement here is that given a prefix string, say "foo",
- * we must be able to generate another string "fop" that is greater
- * than all strings "foobar" starting with "foo".
+ * we must be able to generate another string "fop" that is greater than
+ * all strings "foobar" starting with "foo".  We can test that we have
+ * generated a string greater than the prefix string, but in non-C locales
+ * that is not a bulletproof guarantee that an extension of the string might
+ * not sort after it; an example is that "foo " is less than "foo!", but it
+ * is not clear that a "dictionary" sort ordering will consider "foo!" less
+ * than "foo bar".  Therefore, this function should be used only for
+ * estimation purposes when working in a non-C locale.
+ *
+ * The caller must provide the appropriate "less than" comparison function
+ * for testing the strings.
  *
  * If we max out the righthand byte, truncate off the last character
  * and start incrementing the next.  For example, if "z" were the last
@@ -4084,20 +4096,15 @@ pattern_selectivity(Const *patt, Pattern_Type ptype)
  *
  * This could be rather slow in the worst case, but in most cases we
  * won't have to try more than one or two strings before succeeding.
- *
- * NOTE: at present this assumes we are in the C locale, so that simple
- * bytewise comparison applies.  However, we might be in a multibyte
- * encoding such as UTF8, so we do have to watch out for generating
- * invalid encoding sequences.
  */
 Const *
-make_greater_string(const Const *str_const)
+make_greater_string(const Const *str_const, FmgrInfo *ltproc)
 {
 	Oid			datatype = str_const->consttype;
 	char	   *workstr;
 	int			len;
 
-	/* Get the string and a modifiable copy */
+	/* Get a modifiable copy of the string in C-string format */
 	if (datatype == NAMEOID)
 	{
 		workstr = DatumGetCString(DirectFunctionCall1(nameout,
@@ -4151,8 +4158,18 @@ make_greater_string(const Const *str_const)
 			else
 				workstr_const = string_to_bytea_const(workstr, len);
 
-			pfree(workstr);
-			return workstr_const;
+			if (DatumGetBool(FunctionCall2(ltproc,
+										   str_const->constvalue,
+										   workstr_const->constvalue)))
+			{
+				/* Successfully made a string larger than the input */
+				pfree(workstr);
+				return workstr_const;
+			}
+
+			/* No good, release unusable value and try again */
+			pfree(DatumGetPointer(workstr_const->constvalue));
+			pfree(workstr_const);
 		}
 
 		/* restore last byte so we don't confuse pg_mbcliplen */

src/include/utils/selfuncs.h

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
  * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
  *
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/utils/selfuncs.h,v 1.24 2005/10/15 02:49:46 momjian Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/utils/selfuncs.h,v 1.24.2.1 2007/11/07 22:37:43 tgl Exp $
  *
  *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ extern Pattern_Prefix_Status pattern_fixed_prefix(Const *patt,
 					 Pattern_Type ptype,
 					 Const **prefix,
 					 Const **rest);
-extern Const *make_greater_string(const Const *str_const);
+extern Const *make_greater_string(const Const *str_const, FmgrInfo *ltproc);
 
 extern Datum eqsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
 extern Datum neqsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);