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postgres/src/bin/scripts/vacuumdb.c

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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* vacuumdb
*
* Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2018, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
*
* src/bin/scripts/vacuumdb.c
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#include "postgres_fe.h"
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
#include <sys/select.h>
#endif
#include "catalog/pg_class_d.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "fe_utils/simple_list.h"
#include "fe_utils/string_utils.h"
#define ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_TABLE "42P01"
/* Parallel vacuuming stuff */
typedef struct ParallelSlot
{
PGconn *connection; /* One connection */
bool isFree; /* Is it known to be idle? */
} ParallelSlot;
/* vacuum options controlled by user flags */
typedef struct vacuumingOptions
{
bool analyze_only;
bool verbose;
bool and_analyze;
bool full;
bool freeze;
} vacuumingOptions;
static void vacuum_one_database(const char *dbname, vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
int stage,
SimpleStringList *tables,
const char *host, const char *port,
const char *username, enum trivalue prompt_password,
int concurrentCons,
const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet);
static void vacuum_all_databases(vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
bool analyze_in_stages,
const char *maintenance_db,
const char *host, const char *port,
const char *username, enum trivalue prompt_password,
int concurrentCons,
const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet);
static void prepare_vacuum_command(PQExpBuffer sql, PGconn *conn,
vacuumingOptions *vacopts, const char *table,
bool table_pre_qualified,
const char *progname, bool echo);
static void run_vacuum_command(PGconn *conn, const char *sql, bool echo,
const char *table, const char *progname, bool async);
static ParallelSlot *GetIdleSlot(ParallelSlot slots[], int numslots,
const char *progname);
static bool ProcessQueryResult(PGconn *conn, PGresult *result,
const char *progname);
static bool GetQueryResult(PGconn *conn, const char *progname);
static void DisconnectDatabase(ParallelSlot *slot);
static int select_loop(int maxFd, fd_set *workerset, bool *aborting);
static void init_slot(ParallelSlot *slot, PGconn *conn);
static void help(const char *progname);
/* For analyze-in-stages mode */
#define ANALYZE_NO_STAGE -1
#define ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES 3
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
static struct option long_options[] = {
{"host", required_argument, NULL, 'h'},
{"port", required_argument, NULL, 'p'},
{"username", required_argument, NULL, 'U'},
{"no-password", no_argument, NULL, 'w'},
{"password", no_argument, NULL, 'W'},
{"echo", no_argument, NULL, 'e'},
{"quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'q'},
{"dbname", required_argument, NULL, 'd'},
{"analyze", no_argument, NULL, 'z'},
{"analyze-only", no_argument, NULL, 'Z'},
{"freeze", no_argument, NULL, 'F'},
{"all", no_argument, NULL, 'a'},
{"table", required_argument, NULL, 't'},
{"full", no_argument, NULL, 'f'},
{"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
{"jobs", required_argument, NULL, 'j'},
{"maintenance-db", required_argument, NULL, 2},
{"analyze-in-stages", no_argument, NULL, 3},
{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
};
const char *progname;
int optindex;
int c;
const char *dbname = NULL;
const char *maintenance_db = NULL;
char *host = NULL;
char *port = NULL;
char *username = NULL;
enum trivalue prompt_password = TRI_DEFAULT;
bool echo = false;
bool quiet = false;
vacuumingOptions vacopts;
bool analyze_in_stages = false;
bool alldb = false;
SimpleStringList tables = {NULL, NULL};
int concurrentCons = 1;
int tbl_count = 0;
/* initialize options to all false */
memset(&vacopts, 0, sizeof(vacopts));
progname = get_progname(argv[0]);
set_pglocale_pgservice(argv[0], PG_TEXTDOMAIN("pgscripts"));
handle_help_version_opts(argc, argv, "vacuumdb", help);
while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h:p:U:wWeqd:zZFat:fvj:", long_options, &optindex)) != -1)
{
switch (c)
{
case 'h':
host = pg_strdup(optarg);
break;
case 'p':
port = pg_strdup(optarg);
break;
case 'U':
username = pg_strdup(optarg);
break;
case 'w':
prompt_password = TRI_NO;
break;
case 'W':
prompt_password = TRI_YES;
break;
case 'e':
echo = true;
break;
case 'q':
quiet = true;
break;
case 'd':
dbname = pg_strdup(optarg);
break;
case 'z':
vacopts.and_analyze = true;
break;
case 'Z':
vacopts.analyze_only = true;
break;
case 'F':
vacopts.freeze = true;
break;
case 'a':
alldb = true;
break;
case 't':
{
simple_string_list_append(&tables, optarg);
tbl_count++;
break;
}
case 'f':
vacopts.full = true;
break;
case 'v':
vacopts.verbose = true;
break;
case 'j':
concurrentCons = atoi(optarg);
if (concurrentCons <= 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, _("%s: number of parallel jobs must be at least 1\n"),
progname);
exit(1);
}
if (concurrentCons > FD_SETSIZE - 1)
{
fprintf(stderr, _("%s: too many parallel jobs requested (maximum: %d)\n"),
progname, FD_SETSIZE - 1);
exit(1);
}
break;
case 2:
maintenance_db = pg_strdup(optarg);
break;
case 3:
analyze_in_stages = vacopts.analyze_only = true;
break;
default:
fprintf(stderr, _("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n"), progname);
exit(1);
}
}
/*
* Non-option argument specifies database name as long as it wasn't
* already specified with -d / --dbname
*/
if (optind < argc && dbname == NULL)
{
dbname = argv[optind];
optind++;
}
if (optind < argc)
{
fprintf(stderr, _("%s: too many command-line arguments (first is \"%s\")\n"),
progname, argv[optind]);
fprintf(stderr, _("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n"), progname);
exit(1);
}
if (vacopts.analyze_only)
{
if (vacopts.full)
{
fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot use the \"%s\" option when performing only analyze\n"),
progname, "full");
exit(1);
}
if (vacopts.freeze)
{
fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot use the \"%s\" option when performing only analyze\n"),
progname, "freeze");
exit(1);
}
/* allow 'and_analyze' with 'analyze_only' */
}
setup_cancel_handler();
/* Avoid opening extra connections. */
if (tbl_count && (concurrentCons > tbl_count))
concurrentCons = tbl_count;
if (alldb)
{
if (dbname)
{
fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot vacuum all databases and a specific one at the same time\n"),
progname);
exit(1);
}
if (tables.head != NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, _("%s: cannot vacuum specific table(s) in all databases\n"),
progname);
exit(1);
}
vacuum_all_databases(&vacopts,
analyze_in_stages,
maintenance_db,
host, port, username, prompt_password,
concurrentCons,
progname, echo, quiet);
}
else
{
if (dbname == NULL)
{
if (getenv("PGDATABASE"))
dbname = getenv("PGDATABASE");
else if (getenv("PGUSER"))
dbname = getenv("PGUSER");
else
dbname = get_user_name_or_exit(progname);
}
if (analyze_in_stages)
{
int stage;
for (stage = 0; stage < ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES; stage++)
{
vacuum_one_database(dbname, &vacopts,
stage,
&tables,
host, port, username, prompt_password,
concurrentCons,
progname, echo, quiet);
}
}
else
vacuum_one_database(dbname, &vacopts,
ANALYZE_NO_STAGE,
&tables,
host, port, username, prompt_password,
concurrentCons,
progname, echo, quiet);
}
exit(0);
}
/*
* vacuum_one_database
*
* Process tables in the given database. If the 'tables' list is empty,
* process all tables in the database.
*
* Note that this function is only concerned with running exactly one stage
* when in analyze-in-stages mode; caller must iterate on us if necessary.
*
* If concurrentCons is > 1, multiple connections are used to vacuum tables
* in parallel. In this case and if the table list is empty, we first obtain
* a list of tables from the database.
*/
static void
vacuum_one_database(const char *dbname, vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
int stage,
SimpleStringList *tables,
const char *host, const char *port,
const char *username, enum trivalue prompt_password,
int concurrentCons,
const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet)
{
PQExpBufferData sql;
PGconn *conn;
SimpleStringListCell *cell;
ParallelSlot *slots;
SimpleStringList dbtables = {NULL, NULL};
int i;
bool failed = false;
bool parallel = concurrentCons > 1;
const char *stage_commands[] = {
"SET default_statistics_target=1; SET vacuum_cost_delay=0;",
"SET default_statistics_target=10; RESET vacuum_cost_delay;",
"RESET default_statistics_target;"
};
const char *stage_messages[] = {
gettext_noop("Generating minimal optimizer statistics (1 target)"),
gettext_noop("Generating medium optimizer statistics (10 targets)"),
gettext_noop("Generating default (full) optimizer statistics")
};
Assert(stage == ANALYZE_NO_STAGE ||
(stage >= 0 && stage < ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES));
conn = connectDatabase(dbname, host, port, username, prompt_password,
progname, echo, false, true);
if (!quiet)
{
if (stage != ANALYZE_NO_STAGE)
printf(_("%s: processing database \"%s\": %s\n"),
progname, PQdb(conn), _(stage_messages[stage]));
else
printf(_("%s: vacuuming database \"%s\"\n"),
progname, PQdb(conn));
fflush(stdout);
}
initPQExpBuffer(&sql);
/*
* If a table list is not provided and we're using multiple connections,
* prepare the list of tables by querying the catalogs.
*/
if (parallel && (!tables || !tables->head))
{
PQExpBufferData buf;
PGresult *res;
int ntups;
initPQExpBuffer(&buf);
res = executeQuery(conn,
"SELECT c.relname, ns.nspname"
" FROM pg_class c, pg_namespace ns\n"
" WHERE relkind IN ("
CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) ")"
" AND c.relnamespace = ns.oid\n"
" ORDER BY c.relpages DESC;",
progname, echo);
ntups = PQntuples(res);
for (i = 0; i < ntups; i++)
{
appendPQExpBufferStr(&buf,
fmtQualifiedId(PQgetvalue(res, i, 1),
PQgetvalue(res, i, 0)));
simple_string_list_append(&dbtables, buf.data);
resetPQExpBuffer(&buf);
}
termPQExpBuffer(&buf);
tables = &dbtables;
/*
* If there are more connections than vacuumable relations, we don't
* need to use them all.
*/
if (concurrentCons > ntups)
concurrentCons = ntups;
if (concurrentCons <= 1)
parallel = false;
PQclear(res);
}
/*
* Setup the database connections. We reuse the connection we already have
* for the first slot. If not in parallel mode, the first slot in the
* array contains the connection.
*/
if (concurrentCons <= 0)
concurrentCons = 1;
slots = (ParallelSlot *) pg_malloc(sizeof(ParallelSlot) * concurrentCons);
init_slot(slots, conn);
if (parallel)
{
for (i = 1; i < concurrentCons; i++)
{
conn = connectDatabase(dbname, host, port, username, prompt_password,
progname, echo, false, true);
init_slot(slots + i, conn);
}
}
/*
* Prepare all the connections to run the appropriate analyze stage, if
* caller requested that mode.
*/
if (stage != ANALYZE_NO_STAGE)
{
int j;
/* We already emitted the message above */
for (j = 0; j < concurrentCons; j++)
executeCommand((slots + j)->connection,
stage_commands[stage], progname, echo);
}
cell = tables ? tables->head : NULL;
do
{
const char *tabname = cell ? cell->val : NULL;
ParallelSlot *free_slot;
if (CancelRequested)
{
failed = true;
goto finish;
}
/*
* Get the connection slot to use. If in parallel mode, here we wait
* for one connection to become available if none already is. In
* non-parallel mode we simply use the only slot we have, which we
* know to be free.
*/
if (parallel)
{
/*
* Get a free slot, waiting until one becomes free if none
* currently is.
*/
free_slot = GetIdleSlot(slots, concurrentCons, progname);
if (!free_slot)
{
failed = true;
goto finish;
}
free_slot->isFree = false;
}
else
free_slot = slots;
/*
* Prepare the vacuum command. Note that in some cases this requires
* query execution, so be sure to use the free connection.
*/
prepare_vacuum_command(&sql, free_slot->connection, vacopts, tabname,
tables == &dbtables, progname, echo);
/*
* Execute the vacuum. If not in parallel mode, this terminates the
* program in case of an error. (The parallel case handles query
* errors in ProcessQueryResult through GetIdleSlot.)
*/
run_vacuum_command(free_slot->connection, sql.data,
echo, tabname, progname, parallel);
if (cell)
cell = cell->next;
} while (cell != NULL);
if (parallel)
{
int j;
/* wait for all connections to finish */
for (j = 0; j < concurrentCons; j++)
{
if (!GetQueryResult((slots + j)->connection, progname))
goto finish;
}
}
finish:
for (i = 0; i < concurrentCons; i++)
DisconnectDatabase(slots + i);
pfree(slots);
termPQExpBuffer(&sql);
if (failed)
exit(1);
}
/*
* Vacuum/analyze all connectable databases.
*
* In analyze-in-stages mode, we process all databases in one stage before
* moving on to the next stage. That ensure minimal stats are available
* quickly everywhere before generating more detailed ones.
*/
static void
vacuum_all_databases(vacuumingOptions *vacopts,
bool analyze_in_stages,
const char *maintenance_db, const char *host,
const char *port, const char *username,
enum trivalue prompt_password,
int concurrentCons,
const char *progname, bool echo, bool quiet)
{
PGconn *conn;
PGresult *result;
PQExpBufferData connstr;
int stage;
int i;
conn = connectMaintenanceDatabase(maintenance_db, host, port, username,
prompt_password, progname, echo);
result = executeQuery(conn,
"SELECT datname FROM pg_database WHERE datallowconn ORDER BY 1;",
progname, echo);
PQfinish(conn);
initPQExpBuffer(&connstr);
if (analyze_in_stages)
{
/*
* When analyzing all databases in stages, we analyze them all in the
* fastest stage first, so that initial statistics become available
* for all of them as soon as possible.
*
* This means we establish several times as many connections, but
* that's a secondary consideration.
*/
for (stage = 0; stage < ANALYZE_NUM_STAGES; stage++)
{
for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(result); i++)
{
resetPQExpBuffer(&connstr);
appendPQExpBuffer(&connstr, "dbname=");
appendConnStrVal(&connstr, PQgetvalue(result, i, 0));
vacuum_one_database(connstr.data, vacopts,
stage,
NULL,
host, port, username, prompt_password,
concurrentCons,
progname, echo, quiet);
}
}
}
else
{
for (i = 0; i < PQntuples(result); i++)
{
resetPQExpBuffer(&connstr);
appendPQExpBuffer(&connstr, "dbname=");
appendConnStrVal(&connstr, PQgetvalue(result, i, 0));
vacuum_one_database(connstr.data, vacopts,
ANALYZE_NO_STAGE,
NULL,
host, port, username, prompt_password,
concurrentCons,
progname, echo, quiet);
}
}
termPQExpBuffer(&connstr);
PQclear(result);
}
/*
* Construct a vacuum/analyze command to run based on the given options, in the
* given string buffer, which may contain previous garbage.
*
* An optional table name can be passed; this must be already be properly
* quoted. The command is semicolon-terminated.
*/
static void
prepare_vacuum_command(PQExpBuffer sql, PGconn *conn,
vacuumingOptions *vacopts, const char *table,
bool table_pre_qualified,
const char *progname, bool echo)
{
resetPQExpBuffer(sql);
if (vacopts->analyze_only)
{
appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "ANALYZE");
if (vacopts->verbose)
appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " VERBOSE");
}
else
{
appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, "VACUUM");
if (PQserverVersion(conn) >= 90000)
{
const char *paren = " (";
const char *comma = ", ";
const char *sep = paren;
if (vacopts->full)
{
appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sFULL", sep);
sep = comma;
}
if (vacopts->freeze)
{
appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sFREEZE", sep);
sep = comma;
}
if (vacopts->verbose)
{
appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sVERBOSE", sep);
sep = comma;
}
if (vacopts->and_analyze)
{
appendPQExpBuffer(sql, "%sANALYZE", sep);
sep = comma;
}
if (sep != paren)
appendPQExpBufferChar(sql, ')');
}
else
{
if (vacopts->full)
appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " FULL");
if (vacopts->freeze)
appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " FREEZE");
if (vacopts->verbose)
appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " VERBOSE");
if (vacopts->and_analyze)
appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, " ANALYZE");
}
}
if (table)
{
appendPQExpBufferChar(sql, ' ');
if (table_pre_qualified)
appendPQExpBufferStr(sql, table);
else
appendQualifiedRelation(sql, table, conn, progname, echo);
}
appendPQExpBufferChar(sql, ';');
}
/*
* Send a vacuum/analyze command to the server. In async mode, return after
* sending the command; else, wait for it to finish.
*
* Any errors during command execution are reported to stderr. If async is
* false, this function exits the program after reporting the error.
*/
static void
run_vacuum_command(PGconn *conn, const char *sql, bool echo,
const char *table, const char *progname, bool async)
{
bool status;
if (async)
{
if (echo)
printf("%s\n", sql);
status = PQsendQuery(conn, sql) == 1;
}
else
status = executeMaintenanceCommand(conn, sql, echo);
if (!status)
{
if (table)
fprintf(stderr,
_("%s: vacuuming of table \"%s\" in database \"%s\" failed: %s"),
progname, table, PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
else
fprintf(stderr, _("%s: vacuuming of database \"%s\" failed: %s"),
progname, PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
if (!async)
{
PQfinish(conn);
exit(1);
}
}
}
/*
* GetIdleSlot
* Return a connection slot that is ready to execute a command.
*
* We return the first slot we find that is marked isFree, if one is;
* otherwise, we loop on select() until one socket becomes available. When
* this happens, we read the whole set and mark as free all sockets that become
* available.
*
* If an error occurs, NULL is returned.
*/
static ParallelSlot *
GetIdleSlot(ParallelSlot slots[], int numslots,
const char *progname)
{
int i;
int firstFree = -1;
/* Any connection already known free? */
for (i = 0; i < numslots; i++)
{
if (slots[i].isFree)
return slots + i;
}
/*
* No free slot found, so wait until one of the connections has finished
* its task and return the available slot.
*/
while (firstFree < 0)
{
fd_set slotset;
int maxFd = 0;
bool aborting;
/* We must reconstruct the fd_set for each call to select_loop */
FD_ZERO(&slotset);
for (i = 0; i < numslots; i++)
{
int sock = PQsocket(slots[i].connection);
/*
* We don't really expect any connections to lose their sockets
* after startup, but just in case, cope by ignoring them.
*/
if (sock < 0)
continue;
FD_SET(sock, &slotset);
if (sock > maxFd)
maxFd = sock;
}
SetCancelConn(slots->connection);
i = select_loop(maxFd, &slotset, &aborting);
ResetCancelConn();
if (aborting)
{
/*
* We set the cancel-receiving connection to the one in the zeroth
* slot above, so fetch the error from there.
*/
GetQueryResult(slots->connection, progname);
return NULL;
}
Assert(i != 0);
for (i = 0; i < numslots; i++)
{
int sock = PQsocket(slots[i].connection);
if (sock >= 0 && FD_ISSET(sock, &slotset))
{
/* select() says input is available, so consume it */
PQconsumeInput(slots[i].connection);
}
/* Collect result(s) as long as any are available */
while (!PQisBusy(slots[i].connection))
{
PGresult *result = PQgetResult(slots[i].connection);
if (result != NULL)
{
/* Check and discard the command result */
if (!ProcessQueryResult(slots[i].connection, result,
progname))
return NULL;
}
else
{
/* This connection has become idle */
slots[i].isFree = true;
if (firstFree < 0)
firstFree = i;
break;
}
}
}
}
return slots + firstFree;
}
/*
* ProcessQueryResult
*
* Process (and delete) a query result. Returns true if there's no error,
* false otherwise -- but errors about trying to vacuum a missing relation
* are reported and subsequently ignored.
*/
static bool
ProcessQueryResult(PGconn *conn, PGresult *result, const char *progname)
{
/*
* If it's an error, report it. Errors about a missing table are harmless
* so we continue processing; but die for other errors.
*/
if (PQresultStatus(result) != PGRES_COMMAND_OK)
{
char *sqlState = PQresultErrorField(result, PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE);
fprintf(stderr, _("%s: vacuuming of database \"%s\" failed: %s"),
progname, PQdb(conn), PQerrorMessage(conn));
if (sqlState && strcmp(sqlState, ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_TABLE) != 0)
{
PQclear(result);
return false;
}
}
PQclear(result);
return true;
}
/*
* GetQueryResult
*
* Pump the conn till it's dry of results; return false if any are errors.
* Note that this will block if the conn is busy.
*/
static bool
GetQueryResult(PGconn *conn, const char *progname)
{
bool ok = true;
PGresult *result;
SetCancelConn(conn);
while ((result = PQgetResult(conn)) != NULL)
{
if (!ProcessQueryResult(conn, result, progname))
ok = false;
}
ResetCancelConn();
return ok;
}
/*
* DisconnectDatabase
* Disconnect the connection associated with the given slot
*/
static void
DisconnectDatabase(ParallelSlot *slot)
{
char errbuf[256];
if (!slot->connection)
return;
if (PQtransactionStatus(slot->connection) == PQTRANS_ACTIVE)
{
PGcancel *cancel;
if ((cancel = PQgetCancel(slot->connection)))
{
(void) PQcancel(cancel, errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
PQfreeCancel(cancel);
}
}
PQfinish(slot->connection);
slot->connection = NULL;
}
/*
* Loop on select() until a descriptor from the given set becomes readable.
*
* If we get a cancel request while we're waiting, we forego all further
* processing and set the *aborting flag to true. The return value must be
* ignored in this case. Otherwise, *aborting is set to false.
*/
static int
select_loop(int maxFd, fd_set *workerset, bool *aborting)
{
int i;
fd_set saveSet = *workerset;
if (CancelRequested)
{
*aborting = true;
return -1;
}
else
*aborting = false;
for (;;)
{
/*
* On Windows, we need to check once in a while for cancel requests;
* on other platforms we rely on select() returning when interrupted.
*/
struct timeval *tvp;
#ifdef WIN32
struct timeval tv = {0, 1000000};
tvp = &tv;
#else
tvp = NULL;
#endif
*workerset = saveSet;
i = select(maxFd + 1, workerset, NULL, NULL, tvp);
#ifdef WIN32
if (i == SOCKET_ERROR)
{
i = -1;
if (WSAGetLastError() == WSAEINTR)
errno = EINTR;
}
#endif
if (i < 0 && errno == EINTR)
continue; /* ignore this */
if (i < 0 || CancelRequested)
*aborting = true; /* but not this */
if (i == 0)
continue; /* timeout (Win32 only) */
break;
}
return i;
}
static void
init_slot(ParallelSlot *slot, PGconn *conn)
{
slot->connection = conn;
/* Initially assume connection is idle */
slot->isFree = true;
}
static void
help(const char *progname)
{
printf(_("%s cleans and analyzes a PostgreSQL database.\n\n"), progname);
printf(_("Usage:\n"));
printf(_(" %s [OPTION]... [DBNAME]\n"), progname);
printf(_("\nOptions:\n"));
printf(_(" -a, --all vacuum all databases\n"));
printf(_(" -d, --dbname=DBNAME database to vacuum\n"));
printf(_(" -e, --echo show the commands being sent to the server\n"));
printf(_(" -f, --full do full vacuuming\n"));
printf(_(" -F, --freeze freeze row transaction information\n"));
printf(_(" -j, --jobs=NUM use this many concurrent connections to vacuum\n"));
printf(_(" -q, --quiet don't write any messages\n"));
printf(_(" -t, --table='TABLE[(COLUMNS)]' vacuum specific table(s) only\n"));
printf(_(" -v, --verbose write a lot of output\n"));
printf(_(" -V, --version output version information, then exit\n"));
printf(_(" -z, --analyze update optimizer statistics\n"));
printf(_(" -Z, --analyze-only only update optimizer statistics; no vacuum\n"));
printf(_(" --analyze-in-stages only update optimizer statistics, in multiple\n"
" stages for faster results; no vacuum\n"));
printf(_(" -?, --help show this help, then exit\n"));
printf(_("\nConnection options:\n"));
printf(_(" -h, --host=HOSTNAME database server host or socket directory\n"));
printf(_(" -p, --port=PORT database server port\n"));
printf(_(" -U, --username=USERNAME user name to connect as\n"));
printf(_(" -w, --no-password never prompt for password\n"));
printf(_(" -W, --password force password prompt\n"));
printf(_(" --maintenance-db=DBNAME alternate maintenance database\n"));
printf(_("\nRead the description of the SQL command VACUUM for details.\n"));
printf(_("\nReport bugs to <pgsql-bugs@postgresql.org>.\n"));
}