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REL7_4_STABLE
Peter Eisentraut 22 years ago
parent 4240d2bffd
commit 8442a92e5a
36 changed files with 877 additions and 870 deletions
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  1. 42
      doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml
  2. 12
      doc/src/sgml/array.sgml
  3. 30
      doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml
  4. 1020
      doc/src/sgml/datatype.sgml
  5. 20
      doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml
  6. 16
      doc/src/sgml/func.sgml
  7. 26
      doc/src/sgml/indexcost.sgml
  8. 7
      doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml
  9. 34
      doc/src/sgml/jdbc.sgml
  10. 70
      doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
  11. 6
      doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml
  12. 53
      doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml
  13. 24
      doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
  14. 14
      doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml
  15. 16
      doc/src/sgml/page.sgml
  16. 4
      doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml
  17. 14
      doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml
  18. 38
      doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml
  19. 12
      doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml
  20. 4
      doc/src/sgml/query.sgml
  21. 113
      doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_sequence.sgml
  22. 6
      doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml
  23. 6
      doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml
  24. 6
      doc/src/sgml/ref/create_view.sgml
  25. 6
      doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_ctl-ref.sgml
  26. 4
      doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml
  27. 4
      doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml
  28. 54
      doc/src/sgml/release.sgml
  29. 4
      doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml
  30. 12
      doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml
  31. 14
      doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml
  32. 6
      doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml
  33. 4
      doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml
  34. 16
      doc/src/sgml/xindex.sgml
  35. 24
      doc/src/sgml/xoper.sgml
  36. 6
      doc/src/sgml/xtypes.sgml

42
doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml
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<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 momjian Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.23 2003/11/01 01:56:28 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="overview"> <chapter id="overview">
@ -99,11 +99,11 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
<para> <para>
The executor recursively steps through The executor recursively steps through
the <firstterm>plan tree</firstterm> and the <firstterm>plan tree</firstterm> and
retrieves tuples in the way represented by the plan. retrieves rows in the way represented by the plan.
The executor makes use of the The executor makes use of the
<firstterm>storage system</firstterm> while scanning <firstterm>storage system</firstterm> while scanning
relations, performs <firstterm>sorts</firstterm> and <firstterm>joins</firstterm>, relations, performs <firstterm>sorts</firstterm> and <firstterm>joins</firstterm>,
evaluates <firstterm>qualifications</firstterm> and finally hands back the tuples derived. evaluates <firstterm>qualifications</firstterm> and finally hands back the rows derived.
</para> </para>
</step> </step>
</procedure> </procedure>
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
to the <firstterm>backend</firstterm> (server). The query is transmitted using plain text, to the <firstterm>backend</firstterm> (server). The query is transmitted using plain text,
i.e. there is no parsing done in the <firstterm>frontend</firstterm> (client). The i.e. there is no parsing done in the <firstterm>frontend</firstterm> (client). The
server parses the query, creates an <firstterm>execution plan</firstterm>, server parses the query, creates an <firstterm>execution plan</firstterm>,
executes the plan and returns the retrieved tuples to the client executes the plan and returns the retrieved rows to the client
by transmitting them over the established connection. by transmitting them over the established connection.
</para> </para>
</sect1> </sect1>
@ -195,8 +195,8 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
The <firstterm>lexer</firstterm> is defined in the file The <firstterm>lexer</firstterm> is defined in the file
<filename>scan.l</filename> and is responsible <filename>scan.l</filename> and is responsible
for recognizing <firstterm>identifiers</firstterm>, for recognizing <firstterm>identifiers</firstterm>,
the <firstterm>SQL keywords</firstterm> etc. For the <firstterm>SQL key words</firstterm> etc. For
every keyword or identifier that is found, a <firstterm>token</firstterm> every key word or identifier that is found, a <firstterm>token</firstterm>
is generated and handed to the parser. is generated and handed to the parser.
</para> </para>
@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
call. This may be transformed to either a <structname>FuncExpr</> call. This may be transformed to either a <structname>FuncExpr</>
or <structname>Aggref</> node depending on whether the referenced or <structname>Aggref</> node depending on whether the referenced
name turns out to be an ordinary function or an aggregate function. name turns out to be an ordinary function or an aggregate function.
Also, information about the actual datatypes of columns and expression Also, information about the actual data types of columns and expression
results is added to the query tree. results is added to the query tree.
</para> </para>
</sect2> </sect2>
@ -297,9 +297,9 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The first one worked using <firstterm>tuple level</firstterm> processing and was The first one worked using <firstterm>row level</firstterm> processing and was
implemented deep in the <firstterm>executor</firstterm>. The rule system was implemented deep in the <firstterm>executor</firstterm>. The rule system was
called whenever an individual tuple had been accessed. This called whenever an individual row had been accessed. This
implementation was removed in 1995 when the last official release implementation was removed in 1995 when the last official release
of the <productname>Berkeley Postgres</productname> project was of the <productname>Berkeley Postgres</productname> project was
transformed into <productname>Postgres95</productname>. transformed into <productname>Postgres95</productname>.
@ -396,11 +396,11 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
<firstterm>nested loop join</firstterm>: The right relation is scanned <firstterm>nested loop join</firstterm>: The right relation is scanned
once for every tuple found in the left relation. This strategy once for every row found in the left relation. This strategy
is easy to implement but can be very time consuming. (However, is easy to implement but can be very time consuming. (However,
if the right relation can be scanned with an indexscan, this can if the right relation can be scanned with an index scan, this can
be a good strategy. It is possible to use values from the current be a good strategy. It is possible to use values from the current
row of the left relation as keys for the indexscan of the right.) row of the left relation as keys for the index scan of the right.)
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
<firstterm>hash join</firstterm>: the right relation is first scanned <firstterm>hash join</firstterm>: the right relation is first scanned
and loaded into a hash table, using its join attributes as hash keys. and loaded into a hash table, using its join attributes as hash keys.
Next the left relation is scanned and the Next the left relation is scanned and the
appropriate values of every tuple found are used as hash keys to appropriate values of every row found are used as hash keys to
locate the matching tuples in the table. locate the matching rows in the table.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>
@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
<para> <para>
The finished plan tree consists of sequential or index scans of The finished plan tree consists of sequential or index scans of
the base relations, plus nestloop, merge, or hash join nodes as the base relations, plus nested-loop, merge, or hash join nodes as
needed, plus any auxiliary steps needed, such as sort nodes or needed, plus any auxiliary steps needed, such as sort nodes or
aggregate-function calculation nodes. Most of these plan node aggregate-function calculation nodes. Most of these plan node
types have the additional ability to do <firstterm>selection</> types have the additional ability to do <firstterm>selection</>
@ -451,26 +451,26 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
The <firstterm>executor</firstterm> takes the plan handed back by the The <firstterm>executor</firstterm> takes the plan handed back by the
planner/optimizer and recursively processes it to extract the required set planner/optimizer and recursively processes it to extract the required set
of rows. This is essentially a demand-pull pipeline mechanism. of rows. This is essentially a demand-pull pipeline mechanism.
Each time a plan node is called, it must deliver one more tuple, or Each time a plan node is called, it must deliver one more row, or
report that it is done delivering tuples. report that it is done delivering rows.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
To provide a concrete example, assume that the top To provide a concrete example, assume that the top
node is a <literal>MergeJoin</literal> node. node is a <literal>MergeJoin</literal> node.
Before any merge can be done two tuples have to be fetched (one from Before any merge can be done two rows have to be fetched (one from
each subplan). So the executor recursively calls itself to each subplan). So the executor recursively calls itself to
process the subplans (it starts with the subplan attached to process the subplans (it starts with the subplan attached to
<literal>lefttree</literal>). The new top node (the top node of the left <literal>lefttree</literal>). The new top node (the top node of the left
subplan) is, let's say, a subplan) is, let's say, a
<literal>Sort</literal> node and again recursion is needed to obtain <literal>Sort</literal> node and again recursion is needed to obtain
an input tuple. The child node of the <literal>Sort</literal> might an input row. The child node of the <literal>Sort</literal> might
be a <literal>SeqScan</> node, representing actual reading of a table. be a <literal>SeqScan</> node, representing actual reading of a table.
Execution of this node causes the executor to fetch a row from the Execution of this node causes the executor to fetch a row from the
table and return it up to the calling node. The <literal>Sort</literal> table and return it up to the calling node. The <literal>Sort</literal>
node will repeatedly call its child to obtain all the rows to be sorted. node will repeatedly call its child to obtain all the rows to be sorted.
When the input is exhausted (as indicated by the child node returning When the input is exhausted (as indicated by the child node returning
a NULL instead of a tuple), the <literal>Sort</literal> code performs a NULL instead of a row), the <literal>Sort</literal> code performs
the sort, and finally is able to return its first output row, namely the sort, and finally is able to return its first output row, namely
the first one in sorted order. It keeps the remaining rows stored so the first one in sorted order. It keeps the remaining rows stored so
that it can deliver them in sorted order in response to later demands. that it can deliver them in sorted order in response to later demands.
@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/arch-dev.sgml,v 2.22 2003/09/29 18:18:35 mo
result row. But <command>INSERT ... SELECT</> may demand the full power result row. But <command>INSERT ... SELECT</> may demand the full power
of the executor mechanism.) For <command>UPDATE</>, the planner arranges of the executor mechanism.) For <command>UPDATE</>, the planner arranges
that each computed row includes all the updated column values, plus that each computed row includes all the updated column values, plus
the <firstterm>TID</> (tuple ID, or location) of the original target row; the <firstterm>TID</> (tuple ID, or row ID) of the original target row;
the executor top level uses this information to create a new updated row the executor top level uses this information to create a new updated row
and mark the old row deleted. For <command>DELETE</>, the only column and mark the old row deleted. For <command>DELETE</>, the only column
that is actually returned by the plan is the TID, and the executor top that is actually returned by the plan is the TID, and the executor top

12
doc/src/sgml/array.sgml
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<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/array.sgml,v 1.31 2003/08/31 17:32:18 petere Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/array.sgml,v 1.32 2003/11/01 01:56:28 petere Exp $ -->
<sect1 id="arrays"> <sect1 id="arrays">
<title>Arrays</title> <title>Arrays</title>
@ -348,9 +348,9 @@ SELECT ARRAY[5,6] || ARRAY[[1,2],[3,4]];
<para> <para>
When a single element is pushed on to the beginning of a one-dimensional When a single element is pushed on to the beginning of a one-dimensional
array, the result is an array with a lower bound subscript equal to array, the result is an array with a lower bound subscript equal to
the righthand operand's lower bound subscript, minus one. When a single the right-hand operand's lower bound subscript, minus one. When a single
element is pushed on to the end of a one-dimensional array, the result is element is pushed on to the end of a one-dimensional array, the result is
an array retaining the lower bound of the lefthand operand. For example: an array retaining the lower bound of the left-hand operand. For example:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT array_dims(1 || ARRAY[2,3]); SELECT array_dims(1 || ARRAY[2,3]);
array_dims array_dims
@ -368,9 +368,9 @@ SELECT array_dims(ARRAY[1,2] || 3);
<para> <para>
When two arrays with an equal number of dimensions are concatenated, the When two arrays with an equal number of dimensions are concatenated, the
result retains the lower bound subscript of the lefthand operand's outer result retains the lower bound subscript of the left-hand operand's outer
dimension. The result is an array comprising every element of the lefthand dimension. The result is an array comprising every element of the left-hand
operand followed by every element of the righthand operand. For example: operand followed by every element of the right-hand operand. For example:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT array_dims(ARRAY[1,2] || ARRAY[3,4,5]); SELECT array_dims(ARRAY[1,2] || ARRAY[3,4,5]);
array_dims array_dims

30
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<!-- <!--
Documentation of the system catalogs, directed toward PostgreSQL developers Documentation of the system catalogs, directed toward PostgreSQL developers
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml,v 2.76 2003/10/17 22:38:20 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml,v 2.77 2003/11/01 01:56:28 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="catalogs"> <chapter id="catalogs">
@ -755,9 +755,9 @@
<entry><type>int4</type></entry> <entry><type>int4</type></entry>
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry> <entry>
Always -1 in storage, but when loaded into a tuple descriptor Always -1 in storage, but when loaded into a row descriptor
in memory this may be updated to cache the offset of the attribute in memory this may be updated to cache the offset of the attribute
within the tuple. within the row.
</entry> </entry>
</row> </row>
@ -800,9 +800,9 @@
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry> <entry>
If true, this attribute is a set. In that case, what is really If true, this attribute is a set. In that case, what is really
stored in the attribute is the OID of a tuple in the stored in the attribute is the OID of a row in the
<structname>pg_proc</structname> catalog. The <structname>pg_proc</structname> catalog. The
<structname>pg_proc</structname> tuple contains the query <structname>pg_proc</structname> row contains the query
string that defines this set, i.e., the query to run to get string that defines this set, i.e., the query to run to get
the set. So the <structfield>atttypid</structfield> (see the set. So the <structfield>atttypid</structfield> (see
above) refers to the type returned by this query, but the above) refers to the type returned by this query, but the
@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@
<entry><type>float4</type></entry> <entry><type>float4</type></entry>
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry> <entry>
Number of tuples in the table. Number of rows in the table.
This is only an estimate used by the planner. This is only an estimate used by the planner.
It is updated by <command>VACUUM</command>, It is updated by <command>VACUUM</command>,
<command>ANALYZE</command>, and <command>CREATE INDEX</command>. <command>ANALYZE</command>, and <command>CREATE INDEX</command>.
@ -1553,7 +1553,7 @@
<entry><type>xid</type></entry> <entry><type>xid</type></entry>
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry> <entry>
All tuples inserted or deleted by transaction IDs before this one All rows inserted or deleted by transaction IDs before this one
have been marked as known committed or known aborted in this database. have been marked as known committed or known aborted in this database.
This is used to determine when commit-log space can be recycled. This is used to determine when commit-log space can be recycled.
</entry> </entry>
@ -1564,7 +1564,7 @@
<entry><type>xid</type></entry> <entry><type>xid</type></entry>
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry> <entry>
All tuples inserted by transaction IDs before this one have been All rows inserted by transaction IDs before this one have been
relabeled with a permanent (<quote>frozen</>) transaction ID in this relabeled with a permanent (<quote>frozen</>) transaction ID in this
database. This is useful to check whether a database must be vacuumed database. This is useful to check whether a database must be vacuumed
soon to avoid transaction ID wrap-around problems. soon to avoid transaction ID wrap-around problems.
@ -1666,7 +1666,7 @@
<row> <row>
<entry><structfield>refobjid</structfield></entry> <entry><structfield>refobjid</structfield></entry>
<entry><type>oid</type></entry> <entry><type>oid</type></entry>
<entry>any oid attribute</entry> <entry>any OID column</entry>
<entry>The OID of the specific referenced object</entry> <entry>The OID of the specific referenced object</entry>
</row> </row>
@ -1945,7 +1945,7 @@
<row> <row>
<entry><structfield>indkey</structfield></entry> <entry><structfield>indkey</structfield></entry>
<entry><type>int2vector</type></entry> <entry><type>int2vector</type></entry>
<entry><link linkend="catalog-pg-attribute"><structname>pg_attribute</structname></link>.attnum</entry> <entry><literal><link linkend="catalog-pg-attribute"><structname>pg_attribute</structname></link>.attnum</literal></entry>
<entry> <entry>
This is an array of <structfield>indnatts</structfield> (up to This is an array of <structfield>indnatts</structfield> (up to
<symbol>INDEX_MAX_KEYS</symbol>) values that indicate which <symbol>INDEX_MAX_KEYS</symbol>) values that indicate which
@ -2407,7 +2407,7 @@
<entry><structfield>opcamid</structfield></entry> <entry><structfield>opcamid</structfield></entry>
<entry><type>oid</type></entry> <entry><type>oid</type></entry>
<entry><literal><link linkend="catalog-pg-am"><structname>pg_am</structname></link>.oid</literal></entry> <entry><literal><link linkend="catalog-pg-am"><structname>pg_am</structname></link>.oid</literal></entry>
<entry>Index access method opclass is for</entry> <entry>Index access method operator class is for</entry>
</row> </row>
<row> <row>
@ -3233,7 +3233,7 @@
<entry><structfield>tgtype</structfield></entry> <entry><structfield>tgtype</structfield></entry>
<entry><type>int2</type></entry> <entry><type>int2</type></entry>
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry>Bitmask identifying trigger conditions</entry> <entry>Bit mask identifying trigger conditions</entry>
</row> </row>
<row> <row>
@ -3534,7 +3534,7 @@
For types used in system tables, it is critical that the size For types used in system tables, it is critical that the size
and alignment defined in <structname>pg_type</structname> and alignment defined in <structname>pg_type</structname>
agree with the way that the compiler will lay out the column in agree with the way that the compiler will lay out the column in
a struct representing a table row. a structure representing a table row.
</para> </para>
</note></entry> </note></entry>
</row> </row>
@ -3611,8 +3611,8 @@
<entry></entry> <entry></entry>
<entry><para> <entry><para>
<structfield>typndims</structfield> is the number of array dimensions <structfield>typndims</structfield> is the number of array dimensions
for a domain that is an array (that is, typbasetype is an array type; for a domain that is an array (that is, <structfield>typbasetype</> is an array type;
the domain's typelem will match the base type's typelem). the domain's <structfield>typelem</> will match the base type's <structfield>typelem</structfield>).
Zero for types other than array domains. Zero for types other than array domains.
</para></entry> </para></entry>
</row> </row>

1020
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<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml,v 1.20 2003/10/28 20:18:09 tgl Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml,v 1.21 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="ddl"> <chapter id="ddl">
<title>Data Definition</title> <title>Data Definition</title>
@ -230,9 +230,9 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<para> <para>
The identity (transaction ID) of the inserting transaction for The identity (transaction ID) of the inserting transaction for
this tuple. (Note: In this context, a tuple is an individual this row version. (A row version is an individual state of a
state of a row; each update of a row creates a new tuple for the row; each update of a row creates a new row version for the same
same logical row.) logical row.)
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -260,8 +260,8 @@ DROP TABLE products;
<para> <para>
The identity (transaction ID) of the deleting transaction, or The identity (transaction ID) of the deleting transaction, or
zero for an undeleted tuple. It is possible for this column to zero for an undeleted row version. It is possible for this column to
be nonzero in a visible tuple: That usually indicates that the be nonzero in a visible row version: That usually indicates that the
deleting transaction hasn't committed yet, or that an attempted deleting transaction hasn't committed yet, or that an attempted
deletion was rolled back. deletion was rolled back.
</para> </para>
@ -289,9 +289,9 @@ DROP TABLE products;
</indexterm> </indexterm>
<para> <para>
The physical location of the tuple within its table. Note that The physical location of the row version within its table. Note that
although the <structfield>ctid</structfield> can be used to although the <structfield>ctid</structfield> can be used to
locate the tuple very quickly, a row's locate the row version very quickly, a row's
<structfield>ctid</structfield> will change each time it is <structfield>ctid</structfield> will change each time it is
updated or moved by <command>VACUUM FULL</>. Therefore updated or moved by <command>VACUUM FULL</>. Therefore
<structfield>ctid</structfield> is useless as a long-term row <structfield>ctid</structfield> is useless as a long-term row
@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ DROP TABLE products;
of 2<superscript>32</> (4 billion) <acronym>SQL</acronym> commands of 2<superscript>32</> (4 billion) <acronym>SQL</acronym> commands
within a single transaction. In practice this limit is not a within a single transaction. In practice this limit is not a
problem --- note that the limit is on number of problem --- note that the limit is on number of
<acronym>SQL</acronym> commands, not number of tuples processed. <acronym>SQL</acronym> commands, not number of rows processed.
</para> </para>
</sect1> </sect1>
@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ SELECT name, altitude
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
In some cases you may wish to know which table a particular tuple In some cases you may wish to know which table a particular row
originated from. There is a system column called originated from. There is a system column called
<structfield>TABLEOID</structfield> in each table which can tell you the <structfield>TABLEOID</structfield> in each table which can tell you the
originating table: originating table:

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<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/func.sgml,v 1.176 2003/09/30 03:22:33 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/func.sgml,v 1.177 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation PostgreSQL documentation
--> -->
@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
indicates <type>double precision</type>. Many of these functions indicates <type>double precision</type>. Many of these functions
are provided in multiple forms with different argument types. are provided in multiple forms with different argument types.
Except where noted, any given form of a function returns the same Except where noted, any given form of a function returns the same
datatype as its argument. data type as its argument.
The functions working with <type>double precision</type> data are mostly The functions working with <type>double precision</type> data are mostly
implemented on top of the host system's C library; accuracy and behavior in implemented on top of the host system's C library; accuracy and behavior in
boundary cases may therefore vary depending on the host system. boundary cases may therefore vary depending on the host system.
@ -3182,7 +3182,7 @@ substring('foobar' from 'o(.)b') <lineannotation>o</lineannotation>
<row> <row>
<entry> <literal>\f</> </entry> <entry> <literal>\f</> </entry>
<entry> formfeed, as in C </entry> <entry> form feed, as in C </entry>
</row> </row>
<row> <row>
@ -4869,7 +4869,7 @@ substring('foobar' from 'o(.)b') <lineannotation>o</lineannotation>
</table> </table>
<para> <para>
In addition to these functions, the SQL <literal>OVERLAPS</> keyword is In addition to these functions, the SQL <literal>OVERLAPS</> operator is
supported: supported:
<synopsis> <synopsis>
( <replaceable>start1</replaceable>, <replaceable>end1</replaceable> ) OVERLAPS ( <replaceable>start2</replaceable>, <replaceable>end2</replaceable> ) ( <replaceable>start1</replaceable>, <replaceable>end1</replaceable> ) OVERLAPS ( <replaceable>start2</replaceable>, <replaceable>end2</replaceable> )
@ -4877,8 +4877,8 @@ substring('foobar' from 'o(.)b') <lineannotation>o</lineannotation>
</synopsis> </synopsis>
This expression yields true when two time periods (defined by their This expression yields true when two time periods (defined by their
endpoints) overlap, false when they do not overlap. The endpoints endpoints) overlap, false when they do not overlap. The endpoints
can be specified as pairs of dates, times, or timestamps; or as can be specified as pairs of dates, times, or time stamps; or as
a date, time, or timestamp followed by an interval. a date, time, or time stamp followed by an interval.
</para> </para>
<screen> <screen>
@ -5471,7 +5471,7 @@ SELECT timeofday();
the intent is to allow a single transaction to have a consistent the intent is to allow a single transaction to have a consistent
notion of the <quote>current</quote> time, so that multiple notion of the <quote>current</quote> time, so that multiple
modifications within the same transaction bear the same modifications within the same transaction bear the same
timestamp. <function>timeofday()</function> time stamp. <function>timeofday()</function>
returns the wall-clock time and does advance during transactions. returns the wall-clock time and does advance during transactions.
</para> </para>
@ -6043,7 +6043,7 @@ SELECT TIMESTAMP 'now';
<row> <row>
<entry><literal><function>hostmask</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry> <entry><literal><function>hostmask</function>(<type>inet</type>)</literal></entry>
<entry><type>inet</type></entry> <entry><type>inet</type></entry>
<entry>construct hostmask for network</entry> <entry>construct host mask for network</entry>
<entry><literal>hostmask('192.168.23.20/30')</literal></entry> <entry><literal>hostmask('192.168.23.20/30')</literal></entry>
<entry><literal>0.0.0.3</literal></entry> <entry><literal>0.0.0.3</literal></entry>
</row> </row>

26
doc/src/sgml/indexcost.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/indexcost.sgml,v 2.16 2003/02/08 20:20:53 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/indexcost.sgml,v 2.17 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="indexcost"> <chapter id="indexcost">
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/indexcost.sgml,v 2.16 2003/02/08 20:2
The amcostestimate function is given a list of WHERE clauses that have The amcostestimate function is given a list of WHERE clauses that have
been determined to be usable with the index. It must return estimates been determined to be usable with the index. It must return estimates
of the cost of accessing the index and the selectivity of the WHERE of the cost of accessing the index and the selectivity of the WHERE
clauses (that is, the fraction of main-table tuples that will be clauses (that is, the fraction of main-table rows that will be
retrieved during the index scan). For simple cases, nearly all the retrieved during the index scan). For simple cases, nearly all the
work of the cost estimator can be done by calling standard routines work of the cost estimator can be done by calling standard routines
in the optimizer; the point of having an amcostestimate function is in the optimizer; the point of having an amcostestimate function is
@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ amcostestimate (Query *root,
The index access costs should be computed in the units used by The index access costs should be computed in the units used by
<filename>src/backend/optimizer/path/costsize.c</filename>: a sequential disk block fetch <filename>src/backend/optimizer/path/costsize.c</filename>: a sequential disk block fetch
has cost 1.0, a nonsequential fetch has cost random_page_cost, and has cost 1.0, a nonsequential fetch has cost random_page_cost, and
the cost of processing one index tuple should usually be taken as the cost of processing one index row should usually be taken as
cpu_index_tuple_cost (which is a user-adjustable optimizer parameter). cpu_index_tuple_cost (which is a user-adjustable optimizer parameter).
In addition, an appropriate multiple of cpu_operator_cost should be charged In addition, an appropriate multiple of cpu_operator_cost should be charged
for any comparison operators invoked during index processing (especially for any comparison operators invoked during index processing (especially
@ -167,27 +167,27 @@ amcostestimate (Query *root,
<para> <para>
The access costs should include all disk and CPU costs associated with The access costs should include all disk and CPU costs associated with
scanning the index itself, but NOT the costs of retrieving or processing scanning the index itself, but NOT the costs of retrieving or processing
the main-table tuples that are identified by the index. the main-table rows that are identified by the index.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The <quote>start-up cost</quote> is the part of the total scan cost that must be expended The <quote>start-up cost</quote> is the part of the total scan cost that must be expended
before we can begin to fetch the first tuple. For most indexes this can before we can begin to fetch the first row. For most indexes this can
be taken as zero, but an index type with a high start-up cost might want be taken as zero, but an index type with a high start-up cost might want
to set it nonzero. to set it nonzero.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The indexSelectivity should be set to the estimated fraction of the main The indexSelectivity should be set to the estimated fraction of the main
table tuples that will be retrieved during the index scan. In the case table rows that will be retrieved during the index scan. In the case
of a lossy index, this will typically be higher than the fraction of of a lossy index, this will typically be higher than the fraction of
tuples that actually pass the given qual conditions. rows that actually pass the given qual conditions.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The indexCorrelation should be set to the correlation (ranging between The indexCorrelation should be set to the correlation (ranging between
-1.0 and 1.0) between the index order and the table order. This is used -1.0 and 1.0) between the index order and the table order. This is used
to adjust the estimate for the cost of fetching tuples from the main to adjust the estimate for the cost of fetching rows from the main
table. table.
</para> </para>
@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ amcostestimate (Query *root,
<step> <step>
<para> <para>
Estimate and return the fraction of main-table tuples that will be visited Estimate and return the fraction of main-table rows that will be visited
based on the given qual conditions. In the absence of any index-type-specific based on the given qual conditions. In the absence of any index-type-specific
knowledge, use the standard optimizer function <function>clauselist_selectivity()</function>: knowledge, use the standard optimizer function <function>clauselist_selectivity()</function>:
@ -212,10 +212,10 @@ amcostestimate (Query *root,
<step> <step>
<para> <para>
Estimate the number of index tuples that will be visited during the Estimate the number of index rows that will be visited during the
scan. For many index types this is the same as indexSelectivity times scan. For many index types this is the same as indexSelectivity times
the number of tuples in the index, but it might be more. (Note that the the number of rows in the index, but it might be more. (Note that the
index's size in pages and tuples is available from the IndexOptInfo struct.) index's size in pages and rows is available from the IndexOptInfo struct.)
</para> </para>
</step> </step>
@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ amcostestimate (Query *root,
/* /*
* Our generic assumption is that the index pages will be read * Our generic assumption is that the index pages will be read
* sequentially, so they have cost 1.0 each, not random_page_cost. * sequentially, so they have cost 1.0 each, not random_page_cost.
* Also, we charge for evaluation of the indexquals at each index tuple. * Also, we charge for evaluation of the indexquals at each index row.
* All the costs are assumed to be paid incrementally during the scan. * All the costs are assumed to be paid incrementally during the scan.
*/ */
cost_qual_eval(&amp;index_qual_cost, indexQuals); cost_qual_eval(&amp;index_qual_cost, indexQuals);

7
doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml,v 1.174 2003/10/29 13:42:55 momjian Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/installation.sgml,v 1.175 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="installation"> <chapter id="installation">
<title><![%standalone-include[<productname>PostgreSQL</>]]> <title><![%standalone-include[<productname>PostgreSQL</>]]>
@ -915,8 +915,9 @@ JAVACMD=$JAVA_HOME/bin/java
<term><option>--enable-thread-safety</option></term> <term><option>--enable-thread-safety</option></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
Allow separate libpq and ecpg threads to safely control their Allow separate threads in <application>libpq</application>
private connection handles. and <application>ECPG</application> programs to safely
control their private connection handles.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>

34
doc/src/sgml/jdbc.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/jdbc.sgml,v 1.49 2003/09/20 20:12:05 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/jdbc.sgml,v 1.50 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="jdbc"> <chapter id="jdbc">
@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ st.close();
<sect1 id="jdbc-callproc"> <sect1 id="jdbc-callproc">
<title>Calling Stored Functions</title> <title>Calling Stored Functions</title>
<para><productname>PostgreSQL's</productname> jdbc driver fully <para><productname>PostgreSQL's</productname> JDBC driver fully
supports calling <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> stored supports calling <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> stored
functions.</para> functions.</para>
@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ upperProc.close();
<para>When calling a function that returns <para>When calling a function that returns
a <type>refcursor</type> you must cast the return type a <type>refcursor</type> you must cast the return type
of getObject to of <function>getObject</function> to
a <classname>ResultSet</classname></para> a <classname>ResultSet</classname></para>
<programlisting> <programlisting>
@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ ps.close();
<para> <para>
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> is an extensible database <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> is an extensible database
system. You can add your own functions to the backend, which can system. You can add your own functions to the server, which can
then be called from queries, or even add your own data types. As then be called from queries, or even add your own data types. As
these are facilities unique to <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, these are facilities unique to <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>,
we support them from Java, with a set of extension we support them from Java, with a set of extension
@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ public class PGConnection
public Fastpath getFastpathAPI() throws SQLException public Fastpath getFastpathAPI() throws SQLException
</synopsis> </synopsis>
<para> <para>
This returns the Fastpath <acronym>API</acronym> for the This returns the fast-path <acronym>API</acronym> for the
current connection. It is primarily used by the Large Object current connection. It is primarily used by the Large Object
<acronym>API</acronym>. <acronym>API</acronym>.
</para> </para>
@ -1017,15 +1017,15 @@ Fastpath fp = ((org.postgresql.PGConnection)myconn).getFastpathAPI();
<formalpara> <formalpara>
<title>Returns:</title> <title>Returns:</title>
<para> <para>
Fastpath object allowing access to functions on the <classname>Fastpath</> object allowing access to functions on the
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> backend. <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server.
</para> </para>
</formalpara> </formalpara>
<formalpara> <formalpara>
<title>Throws:</title> <title>Throws:</title>
<para> <para>
<classname>SQLException</> by Fastpath when initializing for first time <classname>SQLException</> by <classname>Fastpath</> when initializing for first time
</para> </para>
</formalpara> </formalpara>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@ java.lang.Object
<para> <para>
<classname>Fastpath</classname> is an <acronym>API</acronym> that <classname>Fastpath</classname> is an <acronym>API</acronym> that
exists within the <application>libpq</application> C interface, and allows a client machine exists within the <application>libpq</application> C interface, and allows a client machine
to execute a function on the database backend. Most client code to execute a function on the database server. Most client code
will not need to use this method, but it is provided because the will not need to use this method, but it is provided because the
Large Object <acronym>API</acronym> uses it. Large Object <acronym>API</acronym> uses it.
</para> </para>
@ -1134,7 +1134,7 @@ Fastpath fp = ((org.postgresql.PGConnection)conn).getFastpathAPI();
the <function>getFastpathAPI()</function> is an extension method, the <function>getFastpathAPI()</function> is an extension method,
not part of <acronym>JDBC</acronym>. Once you have a not part of <acronym>JDBC</acronym>. Once you have a
<classname>Fastpath</classname> instance, you can use the <classname>Fastpath</classname> instance, you can use the
<function>fastpath()</function> methods to execute a backend <function>fastpath()</function> methods to execute a server
function. function.
</para> </para>
@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@ public Object fastpath(int fnid,
FastpathArg args[]) throws SQLException FastpathArg args[]) throws SQLException
</synopsis> </synopsis>
<para> <para>
Send a function call to the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> backend. Send a function call to the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server.
</para> </para>
<formalpara> <formalpara>
@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ public Object fastpath(int fnid,
<parameter>resulttype</> - True if the result is an integer, false <parameter>resulttype</> - True if the result is an integer, false
for for
other results other results
<parameter>args</> - <classname>FastpathArguments</classname> to pass to fastpath <parameter>args</> - <classname>FastpathArguments</classname> to pass to fast-path call
</para> </para>
</formalpara> </formalpara>
@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ public Object fastpath(String name,
FastpathArg args[]) throws SQLException FastpathArg args[]) throws SQLException
</synopsis> </synopsis>
<para> <para>
Send a function call to the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> backend by name. Send a function call to the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> server by name.
</para> </para>
<note> <note>
@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ public Object fastpath(String name,
The mapping for the procedure name to function id needs to The mapping for the procedure name to function id needs to
exist, usually to an earlier call to <function>addfunction()</function>. This is exist, usually to an earlier call to <function>addfunction()</function>. This is
the preferred method to call, as function id's can/may change the preferred method to call, as function id's can/may change
between versions of the backend. For an example of how this between versions of the server. For an example of how this
works, refer to org.postgresql.LargeObject works, refer to org.postgresql.LargeObject
</para> </para>
</note> </note>
@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ public Object fastpath(String name,
<parameter>resulttype</> - True if the result is an integer, false <parameter>resulttype</> - True if the result is an integer, false
for for
other results other results
<parameter>args</> - <classname>FastpathArguments</classname> to pass to fastpath <parameter>args</> - <classname>FastpathArguments</classname> to pass to fast-path call
</para> </para>
</formalpara> </formalpara>
@ -1381,7 +1381,7 @@ java.lang.Object
</synopsis> </synopsis>
<para> <para>
Each fastpath call requires an array of arguments, the number and Each fast-path call requires an array of arguments, the number and
type dependent on the function being called. This class type dependent on the function being called. This class
implements methods needed to provide this capability. implements methods needed to provide this capability.
</para> </para>
@ -1700,7 +1700,7 @@ java.lang.Object
Cloneable Cloneable
This implements a line consisting of two points. Currently line is This implements a line consisting of two points. Currently line is
not yet implemented in the backend, but this class ensures that when not yet implemented in the server, but this class ensures that when
it's done were ready for it. it's done were ready for it.
Variables Variables

70
doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml,v 1.140 2003/10/17 18:57:01 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/libpq.sgml,v 1.141 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="libpq"> <chapter id="libpq">
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ PGconn *PQconnectdb(const char *conninfo);
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The currently recognized parameter keywords are: The currently recognized parameter key words are:
<variablelist> <variablelist>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ PGconn *PQsetdbLogin(const char *pghost,
<para> <para>
This is the predecessor of <function>PQconnectdb</function> with a fixed This is the predecessor of <function>PQconnectdb</function> with a fixed
set of parameters. It has the same functionality except that the set of parameters. It has the same functionality except that the
missing parameters will always take on default values. Write NULL or an missing parameters will always take on default values. Write <symbol>NULL</symbol> or an
empty string for any one of the fixed parameters that is to be defaulted. empty string for any one of the fixed parameters that is to be defaulted.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ const char *PQparameterStatus(const PGconn *conn, const char *paramName);
Certain parameter values are reported by the server automatically at Certain parameter values are reported by the server automatically at
connection startup or whenever their values change. connection startup or whenever their values change.
<function>PQparameterStatus</> can be used to interrogate these settings. <function>PQparameterStatus</> can be used to interrogate these settings.
It returns the current value of a parameter if known, or NULL if the parameter It returns the current value of a parameter if known, or <symbol>NULL</symbol> if the parameter
is not known. is not known.
</para> </para>
@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ or zero (connection bad). This will not change after connection
startup is complete, but it could theoretically change during a reset. startup is complete, but it could theoretically change during a reset.
The 3.0 protocol will normally be used when communicating with The 3.0 protocol will normally be used when communicating with
<productname>PostgreSQL</> 7.4 or later servers; pre-7.4 servers support <productname>PostgreSQL</> 7.4 or later servers; pre-7.4 servers support
only protocol 2.0. (Protocol 1.0 is obsolete and not supported by libpq.) only protocol 2.0. (Protocol 1.0 is obsolete and not supported by <application>libpq</application>.)
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -1071,23 +1071,23 @@ as <literal>$1</>, <literal>$2</>, etc.
<parameter>nParams</> is the number of parameters supplied; it is the length <parameter>nParams</> is the number of parameters supplied; it is the length
of the arrays <parameter>paramTypes[]</>, <parameter>paramValues[]</>, of the arrays <parameter>paramTypes[]</>, <parameter>paramValues[]</>,
<parameter>paramLengths[]</>, and <parameter>paramFormats[]</>. (The <parameter>paramLengths[]</>, and <parameter>paramFormats[]</>. (The
array pointers may be NULL when <parameter>nParams</> is zero.) array pointers may be <symbol>NULL</symbol> when <parameter>nParams</> is zero.)
<parameter>paramTypes[]</> specifies, by OID, the datatypes to be assigned to <parameter>paramTypes[]</> specifies, by OID, the data types to be assigned to
the parameter symbols. If <parameter>paramTypes</> is NULL, or any particular the parameter symbols. If <parameter>paramTypes</> is <symbol>NULL</symbol>, or any particular
element in the array is zero, the backend assigns a datatype to the parameter element in the array is zero, the server assigns a data type to the parameter
symbol in the same way it would do for an untyped literal string. symbol in the same way it would do for an untyped literal string.
<parameter>paramValues[]</> specifies the actual values of the parameters. <parameter>paramValues[]</> specifies the actual values of the parameters.
A NULL pointer in this array means the corresponding parameter is NULL; A null pointer in this array means the corresponding parameter is null;
otherwise the pointer points to a zero-terminated text string (for text otherwise the pointer points to a zero-terminated text string (for text
format) or binary data in the format expected by the backend (for binary format) or binary data in the format expected by the server (for binary
format). format).
<parameter>paramLengths[]</> specifies the actual data lengths of <parameter>paramLengths[]</> specifies the actual data lengths of
binary-format parameters. It is ignored for NULL parameters and text-format binary-format parameters. It is ignored for null parameters and text-format
parameters. The array pointer may be NULL when there are no binary parameters. The array pointer may be null when there are no binary
parameters. parameters.
<parameter>paramFormats[]</> specifies whether parameters are text (put a zero <parameter>paramFormats[]</> specifies whether parameters are text (put a zero
in the array) or binary (put a one in the array). If the array pointer is in the array) or binary (put a one in the array). If the array pointer is
NULL then all parameters are presumed to be text. null then all parameters are presumed to be text.
<parameter>resultFormat</> is zero to obtain results in text format, or one to <parameter>resultFormat</> is zero to obtain results in text format, or one to
obtain results in binary format. (There is not currently a provision to obtain results in binary format. (There is not currently a provision to
obtain different result columns in different formats, although that is obtain different result columns in different formats, although that is
@ -1544,7 +1544,7 @@ char *PQfname(const PGresult *res,
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
NULL is returned if the column number is out of range. <symbol>NULL</symbol> is returned if the column number is out of range.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -1761,15 +1761,15 @@ char* PQgetvalue(const PGresult *res,
For data in text format, the value returned by <function>PQgetvalue</function> For data in text format, the value returned by <function>PQgetvalue</function>
is a null-terminated character string representation is a null-terminated character string representation
of the field value. For data in binary format, the value is in the binary of the field value. For data in binary format, the value is in the binary
representation determined by the datatype's <function>typsend</> and representation determined by the data type's <function>typsend</> and
<function>typreceive</> functions. (The value is actually followed by <function>typreceive</> functions. (The value is actually followed by
a zero byte in this case too, but that is not ordinarily useful, since a zero byte in this case too, but that is not ordinarily useful, since
the value is likely to contain embedded nulls.) the value is likely to contain embedded nulls.)
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
An empty string is returned if the field value is NULL. See An empty string is returned if the field value is null. See
<function>PQgetisnull</> to distinguish NULLs from empty-string values. <function>PQgetisnull</> to distinguish null values from empty-string values.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -2123,7 +2123,7 @@ void PQfreemem(void *ptr);
<function>PQunescapeBytea</function>, <function>PQunescapeBytea</function>,
and <function>PQnotifies</function>. and <function>PQnotifies</function>.
It is needed by Win32, which can not free memory across It is needed by Win32, which can not free memory across
DLL's, unless multithreaded DLL's (/MD in VC6) are used. DLLs, unless multithreaded DLLs (<option>/MD</option> in VC6) are used.
On other platforms it is the same as <function>free()</>. On other platforms it is the same as <function>free()</>.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -2547,13 +2547,13 @@ typedef struct {
parameters to be passed to the function; they must match the declared parameters to be passed to the function; they must match the declared
function argument list. When the <parameter>isint</> field of a function argument list. When the <parameter>isint</> field of a
parameter parameter
struct is true, structure is true,
the <parameter>u.integer</> value is sent to the server as an integer the <parameter>u.integer</> value is sent to the server as an integer
of the indicated length (this must be 1, 2, or 4 bytes); proper of the indicated length (this must be 1, 2, or 4 bytes); proper
byte-swapping occurs. When <parameter>isint</> is false, the byte-swapping occurs. When <parameter>isint</> is false, the
indicated number of bytes at <parameter>*u.ptr</> are sent with no indicated number of bytes at <parameter>*u.ptr</> are sent with no
processing; the data must be in the format expected by the server for processing; the data must be in the format expected by the server for
binary transmission of the function's argument datatype. binary transmission of the function's argument data type.
<parameter>result_buf</parameter> is the buffer in which <parameter>result_buf</parameter> is the buffer in which
to place the return value. The caller must have allocated to place the return value. The caller must have allocated
sufficient space to store the return value. (There is no check!) sufficient space to store the return value. (There is no check!)
@ -2577,7 +2577,7 @@ caller is responsible for freeing the <structname>PGresult</structname> with
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
Note that it is not possible to handle NULL arguments, NULL results, nor Note that it is not possible to handle null arguments, null results, nor
set-valued results when using this interface. set-valued results when using this interface.
</para> </para>
@ -2646,8 +2646,8 @@ do not represent separate allocations.
<note> <note>
<para> <para>
In <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 6.4 and later, In <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 6.4 and later,
the <structfield>be_pid</structfield> is that of the notifying backend process, the <structfield>be_pid</structfield> is that of the notifying server process,
whereas in earlier versions it was always the <acronym>PID</acronym> of your own backend process. whereas in earlier versions it was always the <acronym>PID</acronym> of your own server process.
</para> </para>
</note> </note>
@ -2724,7 +2724,7 @@ if any notifications came in during the processing of the command.
<function>PQexec</function> in a string that could contain additional <function>PQexec</function> in a string that could contain additional
commands, the application must continue fetching results via commands, the application must continue fetching results via
<function>PQgetResult</> after completing the <command>COPY</command> <function>PQgetResult</> after completing the <command>COPY</command>
sequence. Only when <function>PQgetResult</> returns NULL is it certain sequence. Only when <function>PQgetResult</> returns <symbol>NULL</symbol> is it certain
that the <function>PQexec</function> command string is done and it is that the <function>PQexec</function> command string is done and it is
safe to issue more commands. safe to issue more commands.
</para> </para>
@ -2816,15 +2816,15 @@ int PQputCopyData(PGconn *conn,
Transmits the COPY data in the specified <parameter>buffer</>, of length Transmits the COPY data in the specified <parameter>buffer</>, of length
<parameter>nbytes</>, to the server. The result is 1 if the data was sent, <parameter>nbytes</>, to the server. The result is 1 if the data was sent,
zero if it was not sent because the attempt would block (this case is only zero if it was not sent because the attempt would block (this case is only
possible if the connection is in nonblock mode), or -1 if an error occurred. possible if the connection is in nonblocking mode), or -1 if an error occurred.
(Use <function>PQerrorMessage</function> to retrieve details if the return (Use <function>PQerrorMessage</function> to retrieve details if the return
value is -1. If the value is zero, wait for write-ready and try again.) value is -1. If the value is zero, wait for write-ready and try again.)
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The application may divide the COPY datastream into bufferloads of any The application may divide the <command>COPY</command> data stream into buffer loads of any
convenient size. Bufferload boundaries have no semantic significance when convenient size. Buffer-load boundaries have no semantic significance when
sending. The contents of the datastream must match the data format expected sending. The contents of the data stream must match the data format expected
by the <command>COPY</> command; see by the <command>COPY</> command; see
<xref linkend="sql-copy" endterm="sql-copy-title"> for details. <xref linkend="sql-copy" endterm="sql-copy-title"> for details.
</para> </para>
@ -2844,7 +2844,7 @@ int PQputCopyEnd(PGconn *conn,
<para> <para>
Ends the <literal>COPY_IN</> operation successfully if <parameter>errormsg</> Ends the <literal>COPY_IN</> operation successfully if <parameter>errormsg</>
is NULL. If <parameter>errormsg</> is not NULL then the <command>COPY</> is <symbol>NULL</symbol>. If <parameter>errormsg</> is not <symbol>NULL</symbol> then the <command>COPY</>
is forced to fail, with the string pointed to by <parameter>errormsg</> is forced to fail, with the string pointed to by <parameter>errormsg</>
used as the error message. (One should not assume that this exact error used as the error message. (One should not assume that this exact error
message will come back from the server, however, as the server might have message will come back from the server, however, as the server might have
@ -2855,7 +2855,7 @@ option to force failure does not work when using pre-3.0-protocol connections.)
<para> <para>
The result is 1 if the termination data was sent, The result is 1 if the termination data was sent,
zero if it was not sent because the attempt would block (this case is only zero if it was not sent because the attempt would block (this case is only
possible if the connection is in nonblock mode), or -1 if an error occurred. possible if the connection is in nonblocking mode), or -1 if an error occurred.
(Use <function>PQerrorMessage</function> to retrieve details if the return (Use <function>PQerrorMessage</function> to retrieve details if the return
value is -1. If the value is zero, wait for write-ready and try again.) value is -1. If the value is zero, wait for write-ready and try again.)
</para> </para>
@ -2900,9 +2900,9 @@ Attempts to obtain another row of data from the server during a COPY.
Data is always returned one data row at a time; if only a partial row Data is always returned one data row at a time; if only a partial row
is available, it is not returned. Successful return of a data row is available, it is not returned. Successful return of a data row
involves allocating a chunk of memory to hold the data. The involves allocating a chunk of memory to hold the data. The
<parameter>buffer</> parameter must be non-NULL. <parameter>*buffer</> <parameter>buffer</> parameter must be non-<symbol>NULL</symbol>. <parameter>*buffer</>
is set to point to the allocated memory, or to NULL in cases where no is set to point to the allocated memory, or to <symbol>NULL</symbol> in cases where no
buffer is returned. A non-NULL result buffer must be freed using buffer is returned. A non-<symbol>NULL</symbol> result buffer must be freed using
<function>PQfreemem</> when no longer needed. <function>PQfreemem</> when no longer needed.
</para> </para>
@ -3053,7 +3053,7 @@ int PQputline(PGconn *conn,
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
The COPY datastream sent by a series of calls to The <command>COPY</command> data stream sent by a series of calls to
<function>PQputline</function> has the same format as that returned by <function>PQputline</function> has the same format as that returned by
<function>PQgetlineAsync</function>, except that applications are not <function>PQgetlineAsync</function>, except that applications are not
obliged to send exactly one data row per <function>PQputline</function> obliged to send exactly one data row per <function>PQputline</function>

6
doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml,v 1.30 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/lobj.sgml,v 1.31 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="largeObjects"> <chapter id="largeObjects">
@ -324,10 +324,10 @@ SELECT lo_export(image.raster, '/tmp/motd') FROM image
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
These functions read and write files in the server's filesystem, using the These functions read and write files in the server's file system, using the
permissions of the database's owning user. Therefore, their use is restricted permissions of the database's owning user. Therefore, their use is restricted
to superusers. (In contrast, the client-side import and export functions to superusers. (In contrast, the client-side import and export functions
read and write files in the client's filesystem, using the permissions of read and write files in the client's file system, using the permissions of
the client program. Their use is not restricted.) the client program. Their use is not restricted.)
</para> </para>
</sect1> </sect1>

53
doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.26 2003/10/09 19:05:09 momjian Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.27 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="maintenance"> <chapter id="maintenance">
@ -101,13 +101,13 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.26 2003/10/09 19:05:09
<para> <para>
In normal <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> operation, an In normal <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> operation, an
<command>UPDATE</> or <command>DELETE</> of a row does not <command>UPDATE</> or <command>DELETE</> of a row does not
immediately remove the old <firstterm>tuple</> (version of the row). immediately remove the old version of the row.
This approach is necessary to gain the benefits of multiversion This approach is necessary to gain the benefits of multiversion
concurrency control (see <xref linkend="mvcc">): the tuple concurrency control (see <xref linkend="mvcc">): the row version
must not be deleted while it is still potentially visible to other must not be deleted while it is still potentially visible to other
transactions. But eventually, an outdated or deleted tuple is no transactions. But eventually, an outdated or deleted row version is no
longer of interest to any transaction. The space it occupies must be longer of interest to any transaction. The space it occupies must be
reclaimed for reuse by new tuples, to avoid infinite growth of disk reclaimed for reuse by new rows, to avoid infinite growth of disk
space requirements. This is done by running <command>VACUUM</>. space requirements. This is done by running <command>VACUUM</>.
</para> </para>
@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.26 2003/10/09 19:05:09
<para> <para>
The standard form of <command>VACUUM</> is best used with the goal of The standard form of <command>VACUUM</> is best used with the goal of
maintaining a fairly level steady-state usage of disk space. The standard maintaining a fairly level steady-state usage of disk space. The standard
form finds old tuples and makes their space available for re-use within form finds old row versions and makes their space available for re-use within
the table, but it does not try very hard to shorten the table file and the table, but it does not try very hard to shorten the table file and
return disk space to the operating system. If you need to return disk return disk space to the operating system. If you need to return disk
space to the operating system you can use <command>VACUUM FULL</> --- space to the operating system you can use <command>VACUUM FULL</> ---
@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.26 2003/10/09 19:05:09
<para> <para>
<command>VACUUM FULL</> is recommended for cases where you know you have <command>VACUUM FULL</> is recommended for cases where you know you have
deleted the majority of tuples in a table, so that the steady-state size deleted the majority of rows in a table, so that the steady-state size
of the table can be shrunk substantially with <command>VACUUM FULL</>'s of the table can be shrunk substantially with <command>VACUUM FULL</>'s
more aggressive approach. more aggressive approach.
</para> </para>
@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.26 2003/10/09 19:05:09
<para> <para>
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s MVCC transaction semantics <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>'s MVCC transaction semantics
depend on being able to compare transaction ID (<acronym>XID</>) depend on being able to compare transaction ID (<acronym>XID</>)
numbers: a tuple with an insertion XID greater than the current numbers: a row version with an insertion XID greater than the current
transaction's XID is <quote>in the future</> and should not be visible transaction's XID is <quote>in the future</> and should not be visible
to the current transaction. But since transaction IDs have limited size to the current transaction. But since transaction IDs have limited size
(32 bits at this writing) a cluster that runs for a long time (more (32 bits at this writing) a cluster that runs for a long time (more
@ -283,29 +283,29 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/maintenance.sgml,v 1.26 2003/10/09 19:05:09
that for every normal XID, there are two billion XIDs that are that for every normal XID, there are two billion XIDs that are
<quote>older</> and two billion that are <quote>newer</>; another <quote>older</> and two billion that are <quote>newer</>; another
way to say it is that the normal XID space is circular with no way to say it is that the normal XID space is circular with no
endpoint. Therefore, once a tuple has been created with a particular endpoint. Therefore, once a row version has been created with a particular
normal XID, the tuple will appear to be <quote>in the past</> for normal XID, the row version will appear to be <quote>in the past</> for
the next two billion transactions, no matter which normal XID we are the next two billion transactions, no matter which normal XID we are
talking about. If the tuple still exists after more than two billion talking about. If the row version still exists after more than two billion
transactions, it will suddenly appear to be in the future. To transactions, it will suddenly appear to be in the future. To
prevent data loss, old tuples must be reassigned the XID prevent data loss, old row versions must be reassigned the XID
<literal>FrozenXID</> sometime before they reach the <literal>FrozenXID</> sometime before they reach the
two-billion-transactions-old mark. Once they are assigned this two-billion-transactions-old mark. Once they are assigned this
special XID, they will appear to be <quote>in the past</> to all special XID, they will appear to be <quote>in the past</> to all
normal transactions regardless of wraparound issues, and so such normal transactions regardless of wraparound issues, and so such
tuples will be good until deleted, no matter how long that is. This row versions will be good until deleted, no matter how long that is. This
reassignment of XID is handled by <command>VACUUM</>. reassignment of XID is handled by <command>VACUUM</>.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
<command>VACUUM</>'s normal policy is to reassign <literal>FrozenXID</> <command>VACUUM</>'s normal policy is to reassign <literal>FrozenXID</>
to any tuple with a normal XID more than one billion transactions in the to any row version with a normal XID more than one billion transactions in the
past. This policy preserves the original insertion XID until it is not past. This policy preserves the original insertion XID until it is not
likely to be of interest anymore. (In fact, most tuples will probably likely to be of interest anymore. (In fact, most row versions will probably
live and die without ever being <quote>frozen</>.) With this policy, live and die without ever being <quote>frozen</>.) With this policy,
the maximum safe interval between <command>VACUUM</> runs on any table the maximum safe interval between <command>VACUUM</> runs on any table
is exactly one billion transactions: if you wait longer, it's possible is exactly one billion transactions: if you wait longer, it's possible
that a tuple that was not quite old enough to be reassigned last time that a row version that was not quite old enough to be reassigned last time
is now more than two billion transactions old and has wrapped around is now more than two billion transactions old and has wrapped around
into the future --- i.e., is lost to you. (Of course, it'll reappear into the future --- i.e., is lost to you. (Of course, it'll reappear
after another two billion transactions, but that's no help.) after another two billion transactions, but that's no help.)
@ -355,10 +355,10 @@ VACUUM
<para> <para>
<command>VACUUM</> with the <command>FREEZE</> option uses a more <command>VACUUM</> with the <command>FREEZE</> option uses a more
aggressive freezing policy: tuples are frozen if they are old enough aggressive freezing policy: row versions are frozen if they are old enough
to be considered good by all open transactions. In particular, if a to be considered good by all open transactions. In particular, if a
<command>VACUUM FREEZE</> is performed in an otherwise-idle <command>VACUUM FREEZE</> is performed in an otherwise-idle
database, it is guaranteed that <emphasis>all</> tuples in that database, it is guaranteed that <emphasis>all</> row versions in that
database will be frozen. Hence, as long as the database is not database will be frozen. Hence, as long as the database is not
modified in any way, it will not need subsequent vacuuming to avoid modified in any way, it will not need subsequent vacuuming to avoid
transaction ID wraparound problems. This technique is used by transaction ID wraparound problems. This technique is used by
@ -422,13 +422,16 @@ VACUUM
<para> <para>
The simplest production-grade approach to managing log output is to The simplest production-grade approach to managing log output is to
send it all to <application>syslog</> and let <application>syslog</> send it all to <application>syslog</> and let
deal with file rotation. To do this, set the configurations parameter <application>syslog</> deal with file rotation. To do this, set the
<literal>syslog</> to 2 (to log to <application>syslog</> only) in configurations parameter <literal>syslog</> to 2 (to log to
<filename>postgresql.conf</>. Then you can send a <literal>SIGHUP</literal> <application>syslog</> only) in <filename>postgresql.conf</>. Then
signal to the <application>syslog</> daemon whenever you want to force it you can send a <literal>SIGHUP</literal> signal to the
to start writing a new log file. If you want to automate log rotation, <application>syslog</> daemon whenever you want to force it to
the logrotate program can be configured to work with log files from syslog. start writing a new log file. If you want to automate log
rotation, the <application>logrotate</application> program can be
configured to work with log files from
<application>syslog</application>.
</para> </para>

24
doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml,v 1.22 2003/10/17 22:38:20 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml,v 1.23 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="monitoring"> <chapter id="monitoring">
@ -237,8 +237,8 @@ postgres: <replaceable>user</> <replaceable>database</> <replaceable>host</> <re
<row> <row>
<entry><structname>pg_stat_all_tables</></entry> <entry><structname>pg_stat_all_tables</></entry>
<entry>For each table in the current database, total numbers of <entry>For each table in the current database, total numbers of
sequential and index scans, total numbers of tuples returned by sequential and index scans, total numbers of rows returned by
each type of scan, and totals of tuple insertions, updates, each type of scan, and totals of row insertions, updates,
and deletions.</entry> and deletions.</entry>
</row> </row>
@ -257,9 +257,9 @@ postgres: <replaceable>user</> <replaceable>database</> <replaceable>host</> <re
<row> <row>
<entry><structname>pg_stat_all_indexes</></entry> <entry><structname>pg_stat_all_indexes</></entry>
<entry>For each index in the current database, the total number <entry>For each index in the current database, the total number
of index scans that have used that index, the number of index tuples of index scans that have used that index, the number of index rows
read, and the number of successfully fetched heap tuples. (This may read, and the number of successfully fetched heap rows. (This may
be less when there are index entries pointing to expired heap tuples.) be less when there are index entries pointing to expired heap rows.)
</entry> </entry>
</row> </row>
@ -441,8 +441,8 @@ postgres: <replaceable>user</> <replaceable>database</> <replaceable>host</> <re
<entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_returned</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry> <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_returned</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry> <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
<entry> <entry>
Number of tuples read by sequential scans when argument is a table, Number of rows read by sequential scans when argument is a table,
or number of index tuples read when argument is an index or number of index rows read when argument is an index
</entry> </entry>
</row> </row>
@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ postgres: <replaceable>user</> <replaceable>database</> <replaceable>host</> <re
<entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_fetched</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry> <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_fetched</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry> <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
<entry> <entry>
Number of valid (unexpired) table tuples fetched by sequential scans Number of valid (unexpired) table rows fetched by sequential scans
when argument is a table, or fetched by index scans using this index when argument is a table, or fetched by index scans using this index
when argument is an index when argument is an index
</entry> </entry>
@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ postgres: <replaceable>user</> <replaceable>database</> <replaceable>host</> <re
<entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_inserted</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry> <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_inserted</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry> <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
<entry> <entry>
Number of tuples inserted into table Number of rows inserted into table
</entry> </entry>
</row> </row>
@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ postgres: <replaceable>user</> <replaceable>database</> <replaceable>host</> <re
<entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_updated</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry> <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_updated</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry> <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
<entry> <entry>
Number of tuples updated in table Number of rows updated in table
</entry> </entry>
</row> </row>
@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ postgres: <replaceable>user</> <replaceable>database</> <replaceable>host</> <re
<entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_deleted</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry> <entry><literal><function>pg_stat_get_tuples_deleted</function>(<type>oid</type>)</literal></entry>
<entry><type>bigint</type></entry> <entry><type>bigint</type></entry>
<entry> <entry>
Number of tuples deleted from table Number of rows deleted from table
</entry> </entry>
</row> </row>

14
doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml,v 1.6 2003/05/19 21:38:23 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml,v 1.7 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="nls"> <chapter id="nls">
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml,v 1.6 2003/05/19 21:38:23 tgl Exp
this is only in the unlikely event that you do not want to try out this is only in the unlikely event that you do not want to try out
your translated messages. When you configure your source tree, be your translated messages. When you configure your source tree, be
sure to use the <option>--enable-nls</option> option. This will sure to use the <option>--enable-nls</option> option. This will
also check for the libintl library and the also check for the <application>libintl</application> library and the
<filename>msgfmt</filename> program, which all end users will need <filename>msgfmt</filename> program, which all end users will need
anyway. To try out your work, follow the applicable portions of anyway. To try out your work, follow the applicable portions of
the installation instructions. the installation instructions.
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/nls.sgml,v 1.6 2003/05/19 21:38:23 tgl Exp
implementation. Later, we will try to arrange it so that if you implementation. Later, we will try to arrange it so that if you
use a packaged source distribution, you won't need use a packaged source distribution, you won't need
<filename>xgettext</filename>. (From CVS, you will still need <filename>xgettext</filename>. (From CVS, you will still need
it.) GNU gettext 0.10.36 or later is currently recommended. it.) <application>GNU Gettext 0.10.36</application> or later is currently recommended.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ fprintf(stderr, gettext("panic level %d\n"), lvl);
<variablelist> <variablelist>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>CATALOG_NAME</term> <term><varname>CATALOG_NAME</varname></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ fprintf(stderr, gettext("panic level %d\n"), lvl);
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>AVAIL_LANGUAGES</term> <term><varname>AVAIL_LANGUAGES</varname></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ fprintf(stderr, gettext("panic level %d\n"), lvl);
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>GETTEXT_FILES</term> <term><varname>GETTEXT_FILES</varname></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ fprintf(stderr, gettext("panic level %d\n"), lvl);
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>GETTEXT_TRIGGERS</term> <term><varname>GETTEXT_TRIGGERS</varname></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>

16
doc/src/sgml/page.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/page.sgml,v 1.14 2003/09/29 18:18:35 momjian Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/Attic/page.sgml,v 1.15 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="page"> <chapter id="page">
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ In the following explanation, a
is assumed to contain 8 bits. In addition, the term is assumed to contain 8 bits. In addition, the term
<firstterm>item</firstterm> <firstterm>item</firstterm>
refers to an individual data value that is stored on a page. In a table, refers to an individual data value that is stored on a page. In a table,
an item is a tuple (row); in an index, an item is an index entry. an item is a row; in an index, an item is an index entry.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ free space pointers.</entry>
<row> <row>
<entry>Free space</entry> <entry>Free space</entry>
<entry>The unallocated space. All new tuples are allocated from here, generally from the end.</entry> <entry>The unallocated space. All new rows are allocated from here, generally from the end.</entry>
</row> </row>
<row> <row>
@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ data. Empty in ordinary tables.</entry>
and a version indicator. Beginning with and a version indicator. Beginning with
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.3 the version number is 1; prior <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> 7.3 the version number is 1; prior
releases used version number 0. (The basic page layout and header format releases used version number 0. (The basic page layout and header format
has not changed, but the layout of heap tuple headers has.) The page size has not changed, but the layout of heap row headers has.) The page size
is basically only present as a cross-check; there is no support for having is basically only present as a cross-check; there is no support for having
more than one page size in an installation. more than one page size in an installation.
</para> </para>
@ -209,12 +209,12 @@ data. Empty in ordinary tables.</entry>
<para> <para>
All table tuples are structured the same way. There is a fixed-size All table rows are structured the same way. There is a fixed-size
header (occupying 23 bytes on most machines), followed by an optional null header (occupying 23 bytes on most machines), followed by an optional null
bitmap, an optional object ID field, and the user data. The header is bitmap, an optional object ID field, and the user data. The header is
detailed detailed
in <xref linkend="heaptupleheaderdata-table">. The actual user data in <xref linkend="heaptupleheaderdata-table">. The actual user data
(fields of the tuple) begins at the offset indicated by (columns of the row) begins at the offset indicated by
<structfield>t_hoff</>, which must always be a multiple of the MAXALIGN <structfield>t_hoff</>, which must always be a multiple of the MAXALIGN
distance for the platform. distance for the platform.
The null bitmap is The null bitmap is
@ -274,13 +274,13 @@ data. Empty in ordinary tables.</entry>
<entry>t_xvac</entry> <entry>t_xvac</entry>
<entry>TransactionId</entry> <entry>TransactionId</entry>
<entry>4 bytes</entry> <entry>4 bytes</entry>
<entry>XID for VACUUM operation moving tuple</entry> <entry>XID for VACUUM operation moving row version</entry>
</row> </row>
<row> <row>
<entry>t_ctid</entry> <entry>t_ctid</entry>
<entry>ItemPointerData</entry> <entry>ItemPointerData</entry>
<entry>6 bytes</entry> <entry>6 bytes</entry>
<entry>current TID of this or newer tuple</entry> <entry>current TID of this or newer row version</entry>
</row> </row>
<row> <row>
<entry>t_natts</entry> <entry>t_natts</entry>

4
doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml,v 1.36 2003/10/17 22:38:20 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/perform.sgml,v 1.37 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="performance-tips"> <chapter id="performance-tips">
@ -614,7 +614,7 @@ SELECT * FROM x, y, a, b, c WHERE something AND somethingelse;
<varname>from_collapse_limit</> (so that explicit joins and subselects <varname>from_collapse_limit</> (so that explicit joins and subselects
act similarly) or set <varname>join_collapse_limit</> to 1 (if you want act similarly) or set <varname>join_collapse_limit</> to 1 (if you want
to control join order with explicit joins). But you might set them to control join order with explicit joins). But you might set them
differently if you are trying to fine-tune the tradeoff between planning differently if you are trying to fine-tune the trade off between planning
time and run time. time and run time.
</para> </para>
</sect1> </sect1>

14
doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml,v 1.27 2003/09/23 19:58:50 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/plpgsql.sgml,v 1.28 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="plpgsql"> <chapter id="plpgsql">
@ -180,11 +180,11 @@ END;
</sect2> </sect2>
<sect2 id="plpgsql-args-results"> <sect2 id="plpgsql-args-results">
<title>Supported Argument and Result Datatypes</title> <title>Supported Argument and Result Data Types</title>
<para> <para>
Functions written in <application>PL/pgSQL</application> can accept Functions written in <application>PL/pgSQL</application> can accept
as arguments any scalar or array datatype supported by the server, as arguments any scalar or array data type supported by the server,
and they can return a result of any of these types. They can also and they can return a result of any of these types. They can also
accept or return any composite type (row type) specified by name. accept or return any composite type (row type) specified by name.
It is also possible to declare a <application>PL/pgSQL</application> It is also possible to declare a <application>PL/pgSQL</application>
@ -197,14 +197,14 @@ END;
<application>PL/pgSQL</> functions may also be declared to accept <application>PL/pgSQL</> functions may also be declared to accept
and return the <quote>polymorphic</> types and return the <quote>polymorphic</> types
<type>anyelement</type> and <type>anyarray</type>. The actual <type>anyelement</type> and <type>anyarray</type>. The actual
datatypes handled by a polymorphic function can vary from call to data types handled by a polymorphic function can vary from call to
call, as discussed in <xref linkend="extend-types-polymorphic">. call, as discussed in <xref linkend="extend-types-polymorphic">.
An example is shown in <xref linkend="plpgsql-declaration-aliases">. An example is shown in <xref linkend="plpgsql-declaration-aliases">.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
<application>PL/pgSQL</> functions can also be declared to return <application>PL/pgSQL</> functions can also be declared to return
a <quote>set</>, or table, of any datatype they can return a single a <quote>set</>, or table, of any data type they can return a single
instance of. Such a function generates its output by executing instance of. Such a function generates its output by executing
<literal>RETURN NEXT</> for each desired element of the result set. <literal>RETURN NEXT</> for each desired element of the result set.
</para> </para>
@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ END;
When the return type of a <application>PL/pgSQL</application> When the return type of a <application>PL/pgSQL</application>
function is declared as a polymorphic type (<type>anyelement</type> function is declared as a polymorphic type (<type>anyelement</type>
or <type>anyarray</type>), a special parameter <literal>$0</literal> or <type>anyarray</type>), a special parameter <literal>$0</literal>
is created. Its datatype is the actual return type of the function, is created. Its data type is the actual return type of the function,
as deduced from the actual input types (see <xref as deduced from the actual input types (see <xref
linkend="extend-types-polymorphic">). linkend="extend-types-polymorphic">).
This allows the function to access its actual return type This allows the function to access its actual return type
@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ END;
<literal>$0</literal> is initialized to NULL and can be modified by <literal>$0</literal> is initialized to NULL and can be modified by
the function, so it can be used to hold the return value if desired, the function, so it can be used to hold the return value if desired,
though that is not required. <literal>$0</literal> can also be though that is not required. <literal>$0</literal> can also be
given an alias. For example, this function works on any datatype given an alias. For example, this function works on any data type
that has a <literal>+</> operator: that has a <literal>+</> operator:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
CREATE FUNCTION add_three_values(anyelement, anyelement, anyelement) CREATE FUNCTION add_three_values(anyelement, anyelement, anyelement)

38
doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml,v 1.46 2003/10/17 18:57:01 tgl Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml,v 1.47 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="protocol"> <chapter id="protocol">
<title>Frontend/Backend Protocol</title> <title>Frontend/Backend Protocol</title>
@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
<title>Formats and Format Codes</title> <title>Formats and Format Codes</title>
<para> <para>
Data of a particular datatype might be transmitted in any of several Data of a particular data type might be transmitted in any of several
different <firstterm>formats</>. As of <productname>PostgreSQL</> 7.4 different <firstterm>formats</>. As of <productname>PostgreSQL</> 7.4
the only supported formats are <quote>text</> and <quote>binary</>, the only supported formats are <quote>text</> and <quote>binary</>,
but the protocol makes provision for future extensions. The desired but the protocol makes provision for future extensions. The desired
@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
<para> <para>
The text representation of values is whatever strings are produced The text representation of values is whatever strings are produced
and accepted by the input/output conversion functions for the and accepted by the input/output conversion functions for the
particular datatype. In the transmitted representation, there is particular data type. In the transmitted representation, there is
no trailing null character; the frontend must add one to received no trailing null character; the frontend must add one to received
values if it wants to process them as C strings. values if it wants to process them as C strings.
(The text format does not allow embedded nulls, by the way.) (The text format does not allow embedded nulls, by the way.)
@ -186,9 +186,9 @@
<para> <para>
Binary representations for integers use network byte order (most Binary representations for integers use network byte order (most
significant byte first). For other datatypes consult the documentation significant byte first). For other data types consult the documentation
or source code to learn about the binary representation. Keep in mind or source code to learn about the binary representation. Keep in mind
that binary representations for complex datatypes may change across that binary representations for complex data types may change across
server versions; the text format is usually the more portable choice. server versions; the text format is usually the more portable choice.
</para> </para>
</sect2> </sect2>
@ -562,7 +562,7 @@
<Para> <Para>
The response to a <command>SELECT</> query (or other queries that The response to a <command>SELECT</> query (or other queries that
return rowsets, such as <command>EXPLAIN</> or <command>SHOW</>) return row sets, such as <command>EXPLAIN</> or <command>SHOW</>)
normally consists of RowDescription, zero or more normally consists of RowDescription, zero or more
DataRow messages, and then CommandComplete. DataRow messages, and then CommandComplete.
<command>COPY</> to or from the frontend invokes special protocol <command>COPY</> to or from the frontend invokes special protocol
@ -629,12 +629,12 @@
<para> <para>
In the extended protocol, the frontend first sends a Parse message, In the extended protocol, the frontend first sends a Parse message,
which contains a textual query string, optionally some information which contains a textual query string, optionally some information
about datatypes of parameter placeholders, and the about data types of parameter placeholders, and the
name of a destination prepared-statement object (an empty string name of a destination prepared-statement object (an empty string
selects the unnamed prepared statement). The response is selects the unnamed prepared statement). The response is
either ParseComplete or ErrorResponse. Parameter datatypes may be either ParseComplete or ErrorResponse. Parameter data types may be
specified by OID; if not given, the parser attempts to infer the specified by OID; if not given, the parser attempts to infer the
datatypes in the same way as it would do for untyped literal string data types in the same way as it would do for untyped literal string
constants. constants.
</para> </para>
@ -701,7 +701,7 @@
unnamed portal) and unnamed portal) and
a maximum result-row count (zero meaning <quote>fetch all rows</>). a maximum result-row count (zero meaning <quote>fetch all rows</>).
The result-row count is only meaningful for portals The result-row count is only meaningful for portals
containing commands that return rowsets; in other cases the command is containing commands that return row sets; in other cases the command is
always executed to completion, and the row count is ignored. always executed to completion, and the row count is ignored.
The possible The possible
responses to Execute are the same as those described above for queries responses to Execute are the same as those described above for queries
@ -995,7 +995,7 @@
<command>SET</> SQL command executed by the frontend, and this case <command>SET</> SQL command executed by the frontend, and this case
is effectively synchronous --- but it is also possible for parameter is effectively synchronous --- but it is also possible for parameter
status changes to occur because the administrator changed a configuration status changes to occur because the administrator changed a configuration
file and then SIGHUP'd the postmaster. Also, if a SET command is file and then sent the <systemitem>SIGHUP</systemitem> signal to the postmaster. Also, if a SET command is
rolled back, an appropriate ParameterStatus message will be generated rolled back, an appropriate ParameterStatus message will be generated
to report the current effective value. to report the current effective value.
</para> </para>
@ -1450,7 +1450,7 @@ AuthenticationCleartextPassword (B)
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
Specifies that a cleartext password is required. Specifies that a clear-text password is required.
</Para> </Para>
</ListItem> </ListItem>
</VarListEntry> </VarListEntry>
@ -2126,9 +2126,9 @@ CopyData (F &amp; B)
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
Data that forms part of a COPY datastream. Messages sent Data that forms part of a <command>COPY</command> data stream. Messages sent
from the backend will always correspond to single data rows, from the backend will always correspond to single data rows,
but messages sent by frontends may divide the datastream but messages sent by frontends may divide the data stream
arbitrarily. arbitrarily.
</Para> </Para>
</ListItem> </ListItem>
@ -3094,7 +3094,7 @@ ParameterDescription (B)
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
Specifies the object ID of the parameter datatype. Specifies the object ID of the parameter data type.
</Para> </Para>
</ListItem> </ListItem>
</VarListEntry> </VarListEntry>
@ -3213,7 +3213,7 @@ Parse (F)
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
The number of parameter datatypes specified The number of parameter data types specified
(may be zero). Note that this is not an indication of (may be zero). Note that this is not an indication of
the number of parameters that might appear in the the number of parameters that might appear in the
query string, only the number that the frontend wants to query string, only the number that the frontend wants to
@ -3230,7 +3230,7 @@ Parse (F)
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
Specifies the object ID of the parameter datatype. Specifies the object ID of the parameter data type.
Placing a zero here is equivalent to leaving the type Placing a zero here is equivalent to leaving the type
unspecified. unspecified.
</Para> </Para>
@ -3532,7 +3532,7 @@ RowDescription (B)
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
The object ID of the field's datatype. The object ID of the field's data type.
</Para> </Para>
</ListItem> </ListItem>
</VarListEntry> </VarListEntry>
@ -3542,7 +3542,7 @@ RowDescription (B)
</Term> </Term>
<ListItem> <ListItem>
<Para> <Para>
The datatype size (see <varname>pg_type.typlen</>). The data type size (see <varname>pg_type.typlen</>).
Note that negative values denote variable-width types. Note that negative values denote variable-width types.
</Para> </Para>
</ListItem> </ListItem>

12
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml,v 1.24 2003/09/12 22:17:23 tgl Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/queries.sgml,v 1.25 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $ -->
<chapter id="queries"> <chapter id="queries">
<title>Queries</title> <title>Queries</title>
@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ FROM <replaceable>table_reference</replaceable> <optional>, <replaceable>table_r
When a table reference names a table that is the supertable of a When a table reference names a table that is the supertable of a
table inheritance hierarchy, the table reference produces rows of table inheritance hierarchy, the table reference produces rows of
not only that table but all of its subtable successors, unless the not only that table but all of its subtable successors, unless the
keyword <literal>ONLY</> precedes the table name. However, the key word <literal>ONLY</> precedes the table name. However, the
reference produces only the columns that appear in the named table reference produces only the columns that appear in the named table
--- any columns added in subtables are ignored. --- any columns added in subtables are ignored.
</para> </para>
@ -1244,12 +1244,12 @@ SELECT a AS b FROM table1 ORDER BY a;
determined with the <literal>&gt;</literal> operator. determined with the <literal>&gt;</literal> operator.
<footnote> <footnote>
<para> <para>
Actually, <productname>PostgreSQL</> uses the <firstterm>default btree Actually, <productname>PostgreSQL</> uses the <firstterm>default B-tree
operator class</> for the column's datatype to determine the sort operator class</> for the column's data type to determine the sort
ordering for <literal>ASC</> and <literal>DESC</>. Conventionally, ordering for <literal>ASC</> and <literal>DESC</>. Conventionally,
datatypes will be set up so that the <literal>&lt;</literal> and data types will be set up so that the <literal>&lt;</literal> and
<literal>&gt;</literal> operators correspond to this sort ordering, <literal>&gt;</literal> operators correspond to this sort ordering,
but a user-defined datatype's designer could choose to do something but a user-defined data type's designer could choose to do something
different. different.
</para> </para>
</footnote> </footnote>

4
doc/src/sgml/query.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/query.sgml,v 1.33 2003/08/31 17:32:19 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/query.sgml,v 1.34 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="tutorial-sql"> <chapter id="tutorial-sql">
@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ CREATE TABLE weather (
and a rich set of geometric types. and a rich set of geometric types.
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> can be customized with an <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> can be customized with an
arbitrary number of user-defined data types. Consequently, type arbitrary number of user-defined data types. Consequently, type
names are not syntactical keywords, except where required to names are not syntactical key words, except where required to
support special cases in the <acronym>SQL</acronym> standard. support special cases in the <acronym>SQL</acronym> standard.
</para> </para>

113
doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_sequence.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_sequence.sgml,v 1.5 2003/09/22 00:16:57 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_sequence.sgml,v 1.6 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation PostgreSQL documentation
--> -->
@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ ALTER SEQUENCE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> [ INCREMENT [ B
<term><replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term> <term><replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The name (optionally schema-qualified) of a sequence to be altered. The name (optionally schema-qualified) of a sequence to be altered.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -58,42 +58,43 @@ ALTER SEQUENCE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> [ INCREMENT [ B
<term><replaceable class="parameter">increment</replaceable></term> <term><replaceable class="parameter">increment</replaceable></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The The clause <literal>INCREMENT BY <replaceable
<option>INCREMENT BY <replaceable class="parameter">increment</replaceable></option> class="parameter">increment</replaceable></literal> is
clause is optional. A positive value will make an optional. A positive value will make an ascending sequence, a
ascending sequence, a negative one a descending sequence. negative one a descending sequence. If unspecified, the old
If unspecified, the old increment value will be maintained. increment value will be maintained.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term><replaceable class="parameter">minvalue</replaceable></term> <term><replaceable class="parameter">minvalue</replaceable></term>
<term>NO MINVALUE</term> <term><literal>NO MINVALUE</literal></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The optional clause <option>MINVALUE The optional clause <literal>MINVALUE <replaceable
<replaceable class="parameter">minvalue</replaceable></option> class="parameter">minvalue</replaceable></literal> determines
determines the minimum value the minimum value a sequence can generate. If <literal>NO
a sequence can generate. If <option>NO MINVALUE</option> is specified, MINVALUE</literal> is specified, the defaults of 1 and
the defaults of 1 and -2^63-1 for ascending and descending sequences, respectively, will be used. If neither option is specified, the current minimum -2<superscript>63</>-1 for ascending and descending sequences,
value will be maintained. respectively, will be used. If neither option is specified,
the current minimum value will be maintained.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term><replaceable class="parameter">maxvalue</replaceable></term> <term><replaceable class="parameter">maxvalue</replaceable></term>
<term>NO MAXVALUE</term> <term><literal>NO MAXVALUE</literal></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The optional clause <option>MAXVALUE The optional clause <literal>MAXVALUE <replaceable
<replaceable class="parameter">maxvalue</replaceable></option> class="parameter">maxvalue</replaceable></literal> determines
determines the maximum value for the sequence. If the maximum value for the sequence. If <literal>NO
<option>NO MAXVALUE</option> is specified, the defaults are 2^63-1 and -1 for MAXVALUE</literal> is specified, the defaults are
ascending and descending sequences, respectively, will be used. If 2<superscript>63</>-1 and -1 for ascending and descending
neither option is specified, the current maximum value will be sequences, respectively, will be used. If neither option is
maintained. specified, the current maximum value will be maintained.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -102,9 +103,9 @@ ALTER SEQUENCE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> [ INCREMENT [ B
<term><replaceable class="parameter">start</replaceable></term> <term><replaceable class="parameter">start</replaceable></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The optional <option>RESTART WITH The optional clause <literal>RESTART WITH <replaceable
<replaceable class="parameter">start</replaceable></option> class="parameter">start</replaceable></literal> changes the
clause changes the current value of the sequence. current value of the sequence.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -113,11 +114,12 @@ ALTER SEQUENCE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> [ INCREMENT [ B
<term><replaceable class="parameter">cache</replaceable></term> <term><replaceable class="parameter">cache</replaceable></term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The <option>CACHE <replaceable class="parameter">cache</replaceable></option> option The clause <literal>CACHE <replaceable
enables sequence numbers to be preallocated class="parameter">cache</replaceable></literal> enables
and stored in memory for faster access. The minimum sequence numbers to be preallocated and stored in memory for
value is 1 (only one value can be generated at a time, i.e., no cache). faster access. The minimum value is 1 (only one value can be
If unspecified, the old cache value will be maintained. generated at a time, i.e., no cache). If unspecified, the old
cache value will be maintained.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -126,32 +128,33 @@ ALTER SEQUENCE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> [ INCREMENT [ B
<term>CYCLE</term> <term>CYCLE</term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The optional <option>CYCLE</option> keyword may be used to enable The optional <literal>CYCLE</literal> key word may be used to enable
the sequence to wrap around when the the sequence to wrap around when the
<replaceable class="parameter">maxvalue</replaceable> or <replaceable class="parameter">maxvalue</replaceable> or
<replaceable class="parameter">minvalue</replaceable> has been <replaceable class="parameter">minvalue</replaceable> has been
reached by reached by
an ascending or descending sequence respectively. If the limit is an ascending or descending sequence respectively. If the limit is
reached, the next number generated will be the reached, the next number generated will be the
<replaceable class="parameter">minvalue</replaceable> or <replaceable class="parameter">minvalue</replaceable> or
<replaceable class="parameter">maxvalue</replaceable>, <replaceable class="parameter">maxvalue</replaceable>,
respectively. respectively.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
<varlistentry> <varlistentry>
<term>NO CYCLE</term> <term>NO CYCLE</term>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
If the optional <option>NO CYCLE</option> keyword is specified, any If the optional <literal>NO CYCLE</literal> key word is
calls to <function>nextval</function> after the sequence has reached specified, any calls to <function>nextval</function> after the
its maximum value will return an error. If neither sequence has reached its maximum value will return an error.
<option>CYCLE</option> or <option>NO CYCLE</option> are specified, If neither <literal>CYCLE</literal> or <literal>NO
the old cycle behaviour will be maintained. CYCLE</literal> are specified, the old cycle behaviour will be
</para> maintained.
</listitem> </para>
</varlistentry> </listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist> </variablelist>
</para> </para>
</refsect1> </refsect1>
@ -161,10 +164,10 @@ ALTER SEQUENCE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> [ INCREMENT [ B
<para> <para>
Restart a sequence called <literal>serial</literal>, at 105: Restart a sequence called <literal>serial</literal>, at 105:
</para> <programlisting>
<programlisting>
ALTER SEQUENCE serial RESTART WITH 105; ALTER SEQUENCE serial RESTART WITH 105;
</programlisting> </programlisting>
</para>
</refsect1> </refsect1>
<refsect1> <refsect1>

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml,v 1.72 2003/09/09 18:28:52 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_table.sgml,v 1.73 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation PostgreSQL documentation
--> -->
@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ and <replaceable class="PARAMETER">table_constraint</replaceable> is:
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
The <literal>LIKE</literal> clause specifies a table from which The <literal>LIKE</literal> clause specifies a table from which
the new table automatically inherits all column names, their datatypes, and the new table automatically inherits all column names, their data types, and
<literal>NOT NULL</literal> constraints. not-null constraints.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
Unlike <literal>INHERITS</literal>, the new table and inherited table Unlike <literal>INHERITS</literal>, the new table and inherited table

6
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml,v 1.46 2003/09/22 00:16:57 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml,v 1.47 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation PostgreSQL documentation
--> -->
@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> (
representation. If this function is not supplied, the type cannot representation. If this function is not supplied, the type cannot
participate in binary input. The binary representation should be participate in binary input. The binary representation should be
chosen to be cheap to convert to internal form, while being reasonably chosen to be cheap to convert to internal form, while being reasonably
portable. (For example, the standard integer datatypes use network portable. (For example, the standard integer data types use network
byte order as the external binary representation, while the internal byte order as the external binary representation, while the internal
representation is in the machine's native byte order.) The receive representation is in the machine's native byte order.) The receive
function should perform adequate checking to ensure that the value is function should perform adequate checking to ensure that the value is
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable> (
The receive function may be declared as taking one argument of type The receive function may be declared as taking one argument of type
<type>internal</type>, or two arguments of types <type>internal</type> <type>internal</type>, or two arguments of types <type>internal</type>
and <type>oid</type>. It must return a value of the data type itself. and <type>oid</type>. It must return a value of the data type itself.
(The first argument is a pointer to a StringInfo buffer (The first argument is a pointer to a <type>StringInfo</type> buffer
holding the received byte string; the optional second argument is the holding the received byte string; the optional second argument is the
element type in case this is an array type.) Similarly, the optional element type in case this is an array type.) Similarly, the optional
<replaceable class="parameter">send_function</replaceable> converts <replaceable class="parameter">send_function</replaceable> converts

6
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_view.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_view.sgml,v 1.26 2003/09/28 01:19:33 momjian Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_view.sgml,v 1.27 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation PostgreSQL documentation
--> -->
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class="PARAMETER">column_name</replaceable> [, ...] ) ] AS <replaceable class="P
<para> <para>
<command>CREATE VIEW</command> defines a view of a query. The view <command>CREATE VIEW</command> defines a view of a query. The view
is not physically materialized. Instead, the query is run everytime is not physically materialized. Instead, the query is run every time
the view is referenced in a query. the view is referenced in a query.
</para> </para>
@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class="PARAMETER">column_name</replaceable> [, ...] ) ] AS <replaceable class="P
CREATE VIEW vista AS SELECT 'Hello World'; CREATE VIEW vista AS SELECT 'Hello World';
</programlisting> </programlisting>
is bad form in two ways: the column name defaults to <literal>?column?</>, is bad form in two ways: the column name defaults to <literal>?column?</>,
and the column datatype defaults to <type>unknown</>. If you want a and the column data type defaults to <type>unknown</>. If you want a
string literal in a view's result, use something like string literal in a view's result, use something like
<programlisting> <programlisting>
CREATE VIEW vista AS SELECT text 'Hello World' AS hello; CREATE VIEW vista AS SELECT text 'Hello World' AS hello;

6
doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_ctl-ref.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_ctl-ref.sgml,v 1.23 2003/08/31 17:32:23 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_ctl-ref.sgml,v 1.24 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation PostgreSQL documentation
--> -->
@ -220,8 +220,8 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
shutdown is indicated by removal of the <acronym>PID</acronym> shutdown is indicated by removal of the <acronym>PID</acronym>
file. For starting up, a successful <command>psql -l</command> file. For starting up, a successful <command>psql -l</command>
indicates success. <command>pg_ctl</command> will attempt to indicates success. <command>pg_ctl</command> will attempt to
use the proper port for psql. If the environment variable use the proper port for <application>psql</>. If the environment variable
PGPORT exists, that is used. Otherwise, it will see if a port <envar>PGPORT</envar> exists, that is used. Otherwise, it will see if a port
has been set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> file. has been set in the <filename>postgresql.conf</filename> file.
If neither of those is used, it will use the default port that If neither of those is used, it will use the default port that
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was compiled with <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> was compiled with

4
doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml,v 1.98 2003/10/04 01:04:46 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/psql-ref.sgml,v 1.99 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation PostgreSQL documentation
--> -->
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
processed in a single transaction, unless there are explicit processed in a single transaction, unless there are explicit
BEGIN/COMMIT commands included in the string to divide it into BEGIN/COMMIT commands included in the string to divide it into
multiple transactions. This is different from the behavior when multiple transactions. This is different from the behavior when
the same string is fed to psql's standard input. the same string is fed to <application>psql</application>'s standard input.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>

4
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml,v 1.70 2003/09/11 21:42:20 momjian Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/ref/select.sgml,v 1.71 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
PostgreSQL documentation PostgreSQL documentation
--> -->
@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ SELECT name FROM distributors ORDER BY code;
name may be specified in the <literal>USING</> clause. name may be specified in the <literal>USING</> clause.
<literal>ASC</> is usually equivalent to <literal>USING &lt;</> and <literal>ASC</> is usually equivalent to <literal>USING &lt;</> and
<literal>DESC</> is usually equivalent to <literal>USING &gt;</>. <literal>DESC</> is usually equivalent to <literal>USING &gt;</>.
(But the creator of a user-defined datatype can define exactly what the (But the creator of a user-defined data type can define exactly what the
default sort ordering is, and it might correspond to operators with other default sort ordering is, and it might correspond to operators with other
names.) names.)
</para> </para>

54
doc/src/sgml/release.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml,v 1.234 2003/10/31 22:22:10 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/release.sgml,v 1.235 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<appendix id="release"> <appendix id="release">
@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.</para>
<listitem><para> MOVE/FETCH now returns the actual number of rows moved/fetched, or zero <listitem><para> MOVE/FETCH now returns the actual number of rows moved/fetched, or zero
if at the beginning/end of the cursor</para> if at the beginning/end of the cursor</para>
<para> <para>
Prior releases would return the tuple count passed to the Prior releases would return the row count passed to the
command, not the actual number of rows FETCHed or MOVEd. command, not the actual number of rows FETCHed or MOVEd.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -1588,7 +1588,7 @@ of locale?</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Disable LIMIT #,# syntax; now only LIMIT # OFFSET # supported (Bruce)</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Disable LIMIT #,# syntax; now only LIMIT # OFFSET # supported (Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Increase identifier length to 63 (Neil, Bruce)</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Increase identifier length to 63 (Neil, Bruce)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>UNION fixes for merging >= 3 columns of different lengths (Tom)</para></listitem> <listitem><para>UNION fixes for merging >= 3 columns of different lengths (Tom)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add DEFAULT keyword to INSERT, e.g., INSERT ... (..., DEFAULT, ...) (Rod)</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Add DEFAULT key word to INSERT, e.g., INSERT ... (..., DEFAULT, ...) (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Allow views to have default values using ALTER COLUMN ... SET DEFAULT (Neil)</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Allow views to have default values using ALTER COLUMN ... SET DEFAULT (Neil)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fail on INSERTs with column lists that don't supply all column values, e.g., INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1'); (Rod)</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Fail on INSERTs with column lists that don't supply all column values, e.g., INSERT INTO tab (col1, col2) VALUES ('val1'); (Rod)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Fix for join aliases (Tom)</para></listitem> <listitem><para>Fix for join aliases (Tom)</para></listitem>
@ -2739,7 +2739,7 @@ AIX, MSWIN, VAX, N32K fixes (Tom)
Multibytes fixes (Tom) Multibytes fixes (Tom)
Unicode fixes (Tatsuo) Unicode fixes (Tatsuo)
Optimizer improvements (Tom) Optimizer improvements (Tom)
Fix for whole tuples in functions (Tom) Fix for whole rows in functions (Tom)
Fix for pg_ctl and option strings with spaces (Peter E) Fix for pg_ctl and option strings with spaces (Peter E)
ODBC fixes (Hiroshi) ODBC fixes (Hiroshi)
EXTRACT can now take string argument (Thomas) EXTRACT can now take string argument (Thomas)
@ -2890,7 +2890,7 @@ Modify pg_dump to better handle user-defined items in template1 (Philip)
Allow LIMIT in VIEW (Tom) Allow LIMIT in VIEW (Tom)
Require cursor FETCH to honor LIMIT (Tom) Require cursor FETCH to honor LIMIT (Tom)
Allow PRIMARY/FOREIGN Key definitions on inherited columns (Stephan) Allow PRIMARY/FOREIGN Key definitions on inherited columns (Stephan)
Allow ORDER BY, LIMIT in sub-selects (Tom) Allow ORDER BY, LIMIT in subqueries (Tom)
Allow UNION in CREATE RULE (Tom) Allow UNION in CREATE RULE (Tom)
Make ALTER/DROP TABLE rollback-able (Vadim, Tom) Make ALTER/DROP TABLE rollback-able (Vadim, Tom)
Store initdb collation in pg_control so collation cannot be changed (Tom) Store initdb collation in pg_control so collation cannot be changed (Tom)
@ -2923,7 +2923,7 @@ Improved handling of file descriptor cache (Tom)
New warning code about auto-created table alias entries (Bruce) New warning code about auto-created table alias entries (Bruce)
Overhaul initdb process (Tom, Peter E) Overhaul initdb process (Tom, Peter E)
Overhaul of inherited tables; inherited tables now accessed by default; Overhaul of inherited tables; inherited tables now accessed by default;
new ONLY keyword prevents it (Chris Bitmead, Tom) new ONLY key word prevents it (Chris Bitmead, Tom)
ODBC cleanups/improvements (Nick Gorham, Stephan Szabo, Zoltan Kovacs, ODBC cleanups/improvements (Nick Gorham, Stephan Szabo, Zoltan Kovacs,
Michael Fork) Michael Fork)
Allow renaming of temp tables (Tom) Allow renaming of temp tables (Tom)
@ -2931,7 +2931,7 @@ Overhaul memory manager contexts (Tom)
pg_dumpall uses CREATE USER or CREATE GROUP rather using COPY (Peter E) pg_dumpall uses CREATE USER or CREATE GROUP rather using COPY (Peter E)
Overhaul pg_dump (Philip Warner) Overhaul pg_dump (Philip Warner)
Allow pg_hba.conf secondary password file to specify only username (Peter E) Allow pg_hba.conf secondary password file to specify only username (Peter E)
Allow TEMPORARY or TEMP keyword when creating temporary tables (Bruce) Allow TEMPORARY or TEMP key word when creating temporary tables (Bruce)
New memory leak checker (Karel) New memory leak checker (Karel)
New SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS (Thomas) New SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS (Thomas)
Allow nested block comments (Thomas) Allow nested block comments (Thomas)
@ -3104,8 +3104,8 @@ Fix for mergejoin plans (Tom)
Fix TRUNCATE failure on relations with indexes (Tom) Fix TRUNCATE failure on relations with indexes (Tom)
Avoid database-wide restart on write error (Hiroshi) Avoid database-wide restart on write error (Hiroshi)
Fix nodeMaterial to honor chgParam by recomputing its output (Tom) Fix nodeMaterial to honor chgParam by recomputing its output (Tom)
Fix VACUUM problem with moving chain of update tuples when source and Fix VACUUM problem with moving chain of update row versions when source
destination of a tuple lie on the same page (Tom) and destination of a row version lie on the same page (Tom)
Fix user.c CommandCounterIncrement (Tom) Fix user.c CommandCounterIncrement (Tom)
Fix for AM/PM boundary problem in to_char() (Karel Zak) Fix for AM/PM boundary problem in to_char() (Karel Zak)
Fix TIME aggregate handling (Tom) Fix TIME aggregate handling (Tom)
@ -3538,7 +3538,7 @@ Add btree indexing of boolean values, &gt;= and &lt;= (Don Baccus)
Print current line number when COPY FROM fails (Massimo) Print current line number when COPY FROM fails (Massimo)
Recognize POSIX time zone e.g. "PST+8" and "GMT-8" (Thomas) Recognize POSIX time zone e.g. "PST+8" and "GMT-8" (Thomas)
Add DEC as synonym for DECIMAL (Thomas) Add DEC as synonym for DECIMAL (Thomas)
Add SESSION_USER as SQL92 keyword, same as CURRENT_USER (Thomas) Add SESSION_USER as SQL92 key word, same as CURRENT_USER (Thomas)
Implement SQL92 column aliases (aka correlation names) (Thomas) Implement SQL92 column aliases (aka correlation names) (Thomas)
Implement SQL92 join syntax (Thomas) Implement SQL92 join syntax (Thomas)
Make INTERVAL reserved word allowed as a column identifier (Thomas) Make INTERVAL reserved word allowed as a column identifier (Thomas)
@ -3822,7 +3822,7 @@ ACL file descriptor leak fix(Atsushi Ogawa)
New expresssion subtree code(Tom) New expresssion subtree code(Tom)
Avoid disk writes for read-only transactions(Vadim) Avoid disk writes for read-only transactions(Vadim)
Fix for removal of temp tables if last transaction was aborted(Bruce) Fix for removal of temp tables if last transaction was aborted(Bruce)
Fix to prevent too large tuple from being created(Bruce) Fix to prevent too large row from being created(Bruce)
plpgsql fixes plpgsql fixes
Allow port numbers 32k - 64k(Bruce) Allow port numbers 32k - 64k(Bruce)
Add ^ precidence(Bruce) Add ^ precidence(Bruce)
@ -4226,7 +4226,7 @@ Port to NetBSD/m68k(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
Port to NetBSD/sun3(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima) Port to NetBSD/sun3(Mr. Mutsuki Nakajima)
Port to NetBSD/macppc(Toshimi Aoki) Port to NetBSD/macppc(Toshimi Aoki)
Fix for tcl/tk configuration(Vince) Fix for tcl/tk configuration(Vince)
Removed CURRENT keyword for rule queries(Jan) Removed CURRENT key word for rule queries(Jan)
NT dynamic loading now works(Daniel Horak) NT dynamic loading now works(Daniel Horak)
Add ARM32 support(Andrew McMurry) Add ARM32 support(Andrew McMurry)
Better support for HP-UX 11 and UnixWare Better support for HP-UX 11 and UnixWare
@ -4589,7 +4589,7 @@ New INSERT INTO TABLE DEFAULT VALUES statement available(Thomas)
New DECLARE and FETCH feature(Thomas) New DECLARE and FETCH feature(Thomas)
libpq's internal structures now not exported(Tom) libpq's internal structures now not exported(Tom)
Allow up to 8 key indexes(Bruce) Allow up to 8 key indexes(Bruce)
Remove ARCHIVE keyword, that is no longer used(Thomas) Remove ARCHIVE key word, that is no longer used(Thomas)
pg_dump -n flag to supress quotes around indentifiers pg_dump -n flag to supress quotes around indentifiers
disable system columns for views(Jan) disable system columns for views(Jan)
new INET and CIDR types for network addresses(TomH, Paul) new INET and CIDR types for network addresses(TomH, Paul)
@ -4777,7 +4777,7 @@ Fix for "Datasize = 0" error(Vadim)
Prevent \do from wrapping(Bruce) Prevent \do from wrapping(Bruce)
Remove duplicate Russian character set entries Remove duplicate Russian character set entries
Sunos4 cleanup Sunos4 cleanup
Allow optional TABLE keyword in LOCK and SELECT INTO(Thomas) Allow optional TABLE key word in LOCK and SELECT INTO(Thomas)
CREATE SEQUENCE options to allow a negative integer(Thomas) CREATE SEQUENCE options to allow a negative integer(Thomas)
Add "PASSWORD" as an allowed column identifier(Thomas) Add "PASSWORD" as an allowed column identifier(Thomas)
Add checks for UNION target fields(Bruce) Add checks for UNION target fields(Bruce)
@ -4971,7 +4971,7 @@ Fix for index scans in MergeJion(Vadim)
Enhancements Enhancements
------------ ------------
Subselects with EXISTS, IN, ALL, ANY keywords (Vadim, Bruce, Thomas) Subselects with EXISTS, IN, ALL, ANY key words (Vadim, Bruce, Thomas)
New User Manual(Thomas, others) New User Manual(Thomas, others)
Speedup by inlining some frequently-called functions Speedup by inlining some frequently-called functions
Real deadlock detection, no more timeouts(Bruce) Real deadlock detection, no more timeouts(Bruce)
@ -5089,7 +5089,7 @@ Bring in the PostODBC source tree as part of our standard distribution(Marc)
A minor patch for HP/UX 10 vs 9(Stan) A minor patch for HP/UX 10 vs 9(Stan)
New pg_attribute.atttypmod for type-specific info like varchar length(Bruce) New pg_attribute.atttypmod for type-specific info like varchar length(Bruce)
UnixWare patches(Billy) UnixWare patches(Billy)
New i386 'lock' for spin lock asm(Billy) New i386 'lock' for spinlock asm(Billy)
Support for multiplexed backends is removed Support for multiplexed backends is removed
Start an OpenBSD port Start an OpenBSD port
Start an AUX port Start an AUX port
@ -5234,13 +5234,13 @@ Check for geometric intersections at endpoints to avoid rounding ugliness(Thomas
Catch non-functional delete attempts(Vadim) Catch non-functional delete attempts(Vadim)
Change time function names to be more consistent(Michael Reifenberg) Change time function names to be more consistent(Michael Reifenberg)
Check for zero divides(Michael Reifenberg) Check for zero divides(Michael Reifenberg)
Fix very old bug which made tuples changed/inserted by a commnd Fix very old bug which made rows changed/inserted by a command
visible to the command itself (so we had multiple update of visible to the command itself (so we had multiple update of
updated tuples, etc)(Vadim) updated rows, etc.)(Vadim)
Fix for SELECT null, 'fail' FROM pg_am (Patrick) Fix for SELECT null, 'fail' FROM pg_am (Patrick)
SELECT NULL as EMPTY_FIELD now allowed(Patrick) SELECT NULL as EMPTY_FIELD now allowed(Patrick)
Remove un-needed signal stuff from contrib/pginterface Remove un-needed signal stuff from contrib/pginterface
Fix OR (where x != 1 or x isnull didn't return tuples with x NULL) (Vadim) Fix OR (where x != 1 or x isnull didn't return rows with x NULL) (Vadim)
Fix time_cmp function (Vadim) Fix time_cmp function (Vadim)
Fix handling of functions with non-attribute first argument in Fix handling of functions with non-attribute first argument in
WHERE clauses (Vadim) WHERE clauses (Vadim)
@ -5254,7 +5254,7 @@ Default genetic optimizer GEQO parameter is now 8(Bruce)
Allow use parameters in target list having aggregates in functions(Vadim) Allow use parameters in target list having aggregates in functions(Vadim)
Added JDBC driver as an interface(Adrian & Peter) Added JDBC driver as an interface(Adrian & Peter)
pg_password utility pg_password utility
Return number of tuples inserted/affected by INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE etc.(Vadim) Return number of rows inserted/affected by INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE etc.(Vadim)
Triggers implemented with CREATE TRIGGER (SQL3)(Vadim) Triggers implemented with CREATE TRIGGER (SQL3)(Vadim)
SPI (Server Programming Interface) allows execution of queries inside SPI (Server Programming Interface) allows execution of queries inside
C-functions (Vadim) C-functions (Vadim)
@ -5481,7 +5481,7 @@ fix local buffers leak in transaction aborts (Vadim)
fix file manager memmory leaks, cleanups (Vadim, Massimo) fix file manager memmory leaks, cleanups (Vadim, Massimo)
fix storage manager memmory leaks (Vadim) fix storage manager memmory leaks (Vadim)
fix btree duplicates handling (Vadim) fix btree duplicates handling (Vadim)
fix deleted tuples re-incarnation caused by vacuum (Vadim) fix deleted rows reincarnation caused by vacuum (Vadim)
fix SELECT varchar()/char() INTO TABLE made zero-length fields(Bruce) fix SELECT varchar()/char() INTO TABLE made zero-length fields(Bruce)
many psql, pg_dump, and libpq memory leaks fixed using Purify (Igor) many psql, pg_dump, and libpq memory leaks fixed using Purify (Igor)
@ -6026,7 +6026,7 @@ Enhancements:
* added PQdisplayTuples() to libpq and changed monitor and psql to use it * added PQdisplayTuples() to libpq and changed monitor and psql to use it
* added NeXT port (requires SysVIPC implementation) * added NeXT port (requires SysVIPC implementation)
* added CAST .. AS ... syntax * added CAST .. AS ... syntax
* added ASC and DESC keywords * added ASC and DESC key words
* added 'internal' as a possible language for CREATE FUNCTION * added 'internal' as a possible language for CREATE FUNCTION
internal functions are C functions which have been statically linked internal functions are C functions which have been statically linked
into the postgres backend. into the postgres backend.
@ -6075,7 +6075,7 @@ Copyright change:
Incompatibilities: Incompatibilities:
* date formats have to be MM-DD-YYYY (or DD-MM-YYYY if you're using * date formats have to be MM-DD-YYYY (or DD-MM-YYYY if you're using
EUROPEAN STYLE). This follows SQL-92 specs. EUROPEAN STYLE). This follows SQL-92 specs.
* "delimiters" is now a keyword * "delimiters" is now a key word
Enhancements: Enhancements:
* sql LIKE syntax has been added * sql LIKE syntax has been added
@ -6160,10 +6160,10 @@ more compliant to the SQL-92 standard):
(Also, aggregates can now be overloaded, i.e. you can define your (Also, aggregates can now be overloaded, i.e. you can define your
own MAX aggregate to take in a user-defined type.) own MAX aggregate to take in a user-defined type.)
* CHANGE ACL removed. GRANT/REVOKE syntax added. * CHANGE ACL removed. GRANT/REVOKE syntax added.
- Privileges can be given to a group using the "GROUP" keyword. - Privileges can be given to a group using the "GROUP" key word.
For example: For example:
GRANT SELECT ON foobar TO GROUP my_group; GRANT SELECT ON foobar TO GROUP my_group;
The keyword 'PUBLIC' is also supported to mean all users. The key word 'PUBLIC' is also supported to mean all users.
Privileges can only be granted or revoked to one user or group Privileges can only be granted or revoked to one user or group
at a time. at a time.
@ -6180,7 +6180,7 @@ Bug fixes:
* the bug where aggregates of empty tables were not run has been fixed. Now, * the bug where aggregates of empty tables were not run has been fixed. Now,
aggregates run on empty tables will return the initial conditions of the aggregates run on empty tables will return the initial conditions of the
aggregates. Thus, COUNT of an empty table will now properly return 0. aggregates. Thus, COUNT of an empty table will now properly return 0.
MAX/MIN of an empty table will return a tuple of value NULL. MAX/MIN of an empty table will return a row of value NULL.
* allow the use of \; inside the monitor * allow the use of \; inside the monitor
* the LISTEN/NOTIFY asynchronous notification mechanism now work * the LISTEN/NOTIFY asynchronous notification mechanism now work
* NOTIFY in rule action bodies now work * NOTIFY in rule action bodies now work
@ -6206,7 +6206,7 @@ Other changes and enhancements:
libpgtcl changes: libpgtcl changes:
* The -oid option has been added to the "pg_result" tcl command. * The -oid option has been added to the "pg_result" tcl command.
pg_result -oid returns oid of the last tuple inserted. If the pg_result -oid returns oid of the last row inserted. If the
last command was not an INSERT, then pg_result -oid returns "". last command was not an INSERT, then pg_result -oid returns "".
* the large object interface is available as pg_lo* tcl commands: * the large object interface is available as pg_lo* tcl commands:
pg_lo_open, pg_lo_close, pg_lo_creat, etc. pg_lo_open, pg_lo_close, pg_lo_creat, etc.

4
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml,v 1.30 2003/09/11 21:42:20 momjian Exp $ --> <!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/rules.sgml,v 1.31 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $ -->
<Chapter Id="rules"> <Chapter Id="rules">
<Title>The Rule System</Title> <Title>The Rule System</Title>
@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ SELECT t1.a, t2.b, t1.ctid FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a;
the stage. Old table rows aren't overwritten, and this the stage. Old table rows aren't overwritten, and this
is why <command>ROLLBACK</command> is fast. In an <command>UPDATE</command>, is why <command>ROLLBACK</command> is fast. In an <command>UPDATE</command>,
the new result row is inserted into the table (after stripping the the new result row is inserted into the table (after stripping the
<acronym>CTID</>) and in the tuple header of the old row, which the <acronym>CTID</>) and in the row header of the old row, which the
<acronym>CTID</> pointed to, the <literal>cmax</> and <acronym>CTID</> pointed to, the <literal>cmax</> and
<literal>xmax</> entries are set to the current command counter <literal>xmax</> entries are set to the current command counter
and current transaction ID. Thus the old row is hidden, and after and current transaction ID. Thus the old row is hidden, and after

12
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml,v 1.214 2003/10/17 22:38:20 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml,v 1.215 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<Chapter Id="runtime"> <Chapter Id="runtime">
@ -878,9 +878,9 @@ SET ENABLE_SEQSCAN TO OFF;
<para> <para>
Specifies the maximum amount of memory to be used by Specifies the maximum amount of memory to be used by
<command>VACUUM</command> to keep track of to-be-reclaimed <command>VACUUM</command> to keep track of to-be-reclaimed
tuples. The value is specified in kilobytes, and defaults to rows. The value is specified in kilobytes, and defaults to
8192 kilobytes. Larger settings may improve the speed of 8192 kB. Larger settings may improve the speed of
vacuuming large tables that have many deleted tuples. vacuuming large tables that have many deleted rows.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</varlistentry> </varlistentry>
@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ SET ENABLE_SEQSCAN TO OFF;
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
Sets the query planner's estimate of the cost of processing Sets the query planner's estimate of the cost of processing
each tuple during a query. This is measured as a fraction of each row during a query. This is measured as a fraction of
the cost of a sequential page fetch. The default is 0.01. the cost of a sequential page fetch. The default is 0.01.
</para> </para>
</listitem> </listitem>
@ -1344,7 +1344,7 @@ SET ENABLE_SEQSCAN TO OFF;
<listitem> <listitem>
<para> <para>
Sets the query planner's estimate of the cost of processing Sets the query planner's estimate of the cost of processing
each index tuple during an index scan. This is measured as a each index row during an index scan. This is measured as a
fraction of the cost of a sequential page fetch. The default fraction of the cost of a sequential page fetch. The default
is 0.001. is 0.001.
</para> </para>

14
doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml,v 1.84 2003/08/31 17:32:20 petere Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/syntax.sgml,v 1.85 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter id="sql-syntax"> <chapter id="sql-syntax">
@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ CREATE FUNCTION dept(text) RETURNS dept
</simplelist> </simplelist>
where the <replaceable>operator</replaceable> token follows the syntax where the <replaceable>operator</replaceable> token follows the syntax
rules of <xref linkend="sql-syntax-operators">, or is one of the rules of <xref linkend="sql-syntax-operators">, or is one of the
keywords <token>AND</token>, <token>OR</token>, and key words <token>AND</token>, <token>OR</token>, and
<token>NOT</token>, or is a qualified operator name <token>NOT</token>, or is a qualified operator name
<synopsis> <synopsis>
<literal>OPERATOR(</><replaceable>schema</><literal>.</><replaceable>operatorname</><literal>)</> <literal>OPERATOR(</><replaceable>schema</><literal>.</><replaceable>operatorname</><literal>)</>
@ -1292,7 +1292,7 @@ SELECT name, (SELECT max(pop) FROM cities WHERE cities.state = states.name)
An <firstterm>array constructor</> is an expression that builds an An <firstterm>array constructor</> is an expression that builds an
array value from values for its member elements. A simple array array value from values for its member elements. A simple array
constructor constructor
consists of the keyword <literal>ARRAY</literal>, a left square bracket consists of the key word <literal>ARRAY</literal>, a left square bracket
<literal>[</>, one or more expressions (separated by commas) for the <literal>[</>, one or more expressions (separated by commas) for the
array element values, and finally a right square bracket <literal>]</>. array element values, and finally a right square bracket <literal>]</>.
For example, For example,
@ -1311,7 +1311,7 @@ SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3+4];
<para> <para>
Multidimensional array values can be built by nesting array Multidimensional array values can be built by nesting array
constructors. constructors.
In the inner constructors, the keyword <literal>ARRAY</literal> may In the inner constructors, the key word <literal>ARRAY</literal> may
be omitted. For example, these produce the same result: be omitted. For example, these produce the same result:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
@ -1352,7 +1352,7 @@ select ARRAY[f1, f2, '{{9,10},{11,12}}'::int[]] from arr;
<para> <para>
It is also possible to construct an array from the results of a It is also possible to construct an array from the results of a
subquery. In this form, the array constructor is written with the subquery. In this form, the array constructor is written with the
keyword <literal>ARRAY</literal> followed by a parenthesized (not key word <literal>ARRAY</literal> followed by a parenthesized (not
bracketed) subquery. For example: bracketed) subquery. For example:
<programlisting> <programlisting>
SELECT ARRAY(SELECT oid FROM pg_proc WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%'); SELECT ARRAY(SELECT oid FROM pg_proc WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%');
@ -1361,9 +1361,9 @@ SELECT ARRAY(SELECT oid FROM pg_proc WHERE proname LIKE 'bytea%');
{2011,1954,1948,1952,1951,1244,1950,2005,1949,1953,2006,31} {2011,1954,1948,1952,1951,1244,1950,2005,1949,1953,2006,31}
(1 row) (1 row)
</programlisting> </programlisting>
The sub-select must return a single column. The The subquery must return a single column. The
resulting one-dimensional array will have an element for each row in the resulting one-dimensional array will have an element for each row in the
sub-select result, with an element type matching that of the sub-select's subquery result, with an element type matching that of the subquery's
output column. output column.
</para> </para>

6
doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml,v 1.35 2003/09/30 03:22:33 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/typeconv.sgml,v 1.36 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<chapter Id="typeconv"> <chapter Id="typeconv">
@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step.
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
Run through all candidates and keep those that accept preferred types (of the Run through all candidates and keep those that accept preferred types (of the
input datatype's type category) at the most positions where type conversion input data type's type category) at the most positions where type conversion
will be required. will be required.
Keep all candidates if none accept preferred types. Keep all candidates if none accept preferred types.
If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step. If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step.
@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step.
<step performance="required"> <step performance="required">
<para> <para>
Run through all candidates and keep those that accept preferred types (of the Run through all candidates and keep those that accept preferred types (of the
input datatype's type category) at the most positions where type conversion input data type's type category) at the most positions where type conversion
will be required. will be required.
Keep all candidates if none accept preferred types. Keep all candidates if none accept preferred types.
If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step. If only one candidate remains, use it; else continue to the next step.

4
doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml,v 1.76 2003/10/22 22:28:10 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xfunc.sgml,v 1.77 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<sect1 id="xfunc"> <sect1 id="xfunc">
@ -2122,7 +2122,7 @@ CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION testpassbyval(integer, integer) RETURNS SETOF __testp
of its arguments and the type it is expected to return. The routines are of its arguments and the type it is expected to return. The routines are
called <literal>get_fn_expr_rettype(FmgrInfo *flinfo)</> and called <literal>get_fn_expr_rettype(FmgrInfo *flinfo)</> and
<literal>get_fn_expr_argtype(FmgrInfo *flinfo, int argnum)</>. <literal>get_fn_expr_argtype(FmgrInfo *flinfo, int argnum)</>.
They return the result or argument type OID, or InvalidOid if the They return the result or argument type OID, or <symbol>InvalidOid</symbol> if the
information is not available. information is not available.
The structure <literal>flinfo</> is normally accessed as The structure <literal>flinfo</> is normally accessed as
<literal>fcinfo-&gt;flinfo</>. The parameter <literal>argnum</> <literal>fcinfo-&gt;flinfo</>. The parameter <literal>argnum</>

16
doc/src/sgml/xindex.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xindex.sgml,v 1.33 2003/10/21 23:28:42 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xindex.sgml,v 1.34 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<sect1 id="xindex"> <sect1 id="xindex">
@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xindex.sgml,v 1.33 2003/10/21 23:28:42 tgl
<para> <para>
The least error-prone way to define a related set of comparison operators The least error-prone way to define a related set of comparison operators
is to write the btree comparison support function first, and then write the is to write the B-tree comparison support function first, and then write the
other functions as one-line wrappers around the support function. This other functions as one-line wrappers around the support function. This
reduces the odds of getting inconsistent results for corner cases. reduces the odds of getting inconsistent results for corner cases.
Following this approach, we first write Following this approach, we first write
@ -600,15 +600,15 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS complex_abs_ops
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> uses operator classes to infer the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> uses operator classes to infer the
properties of operators in more ways than just whether they can be used properties of operators in more ways than just whether they can be used
with indexes. Therefore, you might want to create operator classes with indexes. Therefore, you might want to create operator classes
even if you have no intention of indexing any columns of your datatype. even if you have no intention of indexing any columns of your data type.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
In particular, there are SQL features such as <literal>ORDER BY</> and In particular, there are SQL features such as <literal>ORDER BY</> and
<literal>DISTINCT</> that require comparison and sorting of values. <literal>DISTINCT</> that require comparison and sorting of values.
To implement these features on a user-defined datatype, To implement these features on a user-defined data type,
<productname>PostgreSQL</productname> looks for the default B-tree operator <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> looks for the default B-tree operator
class for the datatype. The <quote>equals</> member of this operator class for the data type. The <quote>equals</> member of this operator
class defines the system's notion of equality of values for class defines the system's notion of equality of values for
<literal>GROUP BY</> and <literal>DISTINCT</>, and the sort ordering <literal>GROUP BY</> and <literal>DISTINCT</>, and the sort ordering
imposed by the operator class defines the default <literal>ORDER BY</> imposed by the operator class defines the default <literal>ORDER BY</>
@ -621,16 +621,16 @@ CREATE OPERATOR CLASS complex_abs_ops
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
If there is no default B-tree operator class for a datatype, the system If there is no default B-tree operator class for a data type, the system
will look for a default hash operator class. But since that kind of will look for a default hash operator class. But since that kind of
operator class only provides equality, in practice it is only enough operator class only provides equality, in practice it is only enough
to support array equality. to support array equality.
</para> </para>
<para> <para>
When there is no default operator class for a datatype, you will get When there is no default operator class for a data type, you will get
errors like <quote>could not identify an ordering operator</> if you errors like <quote>could not identify an ordering operator</> if you
try to use these SQL features with the datatype. try to use these SQL features with the data type.
</para> </para>
<note> <note>

24
doc/src/sgml/xoper.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xoper.sgml,v 1.28 2003/10/22 03:50:27 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xoper.sgml,v 1.29 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<sect1 id="xoper"> <sect1 id="xoper">
@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ SELECT (a + b) AS c FROM test_complex;
a WHERE clause like <literal>tab1.x = tab2.y</>, where <literal>tab1.x</> a WHERE clause like <literal>tab1.x = tab2.y</>, where <literal>tab1.x</>
and <literal>tab2.y</> are of a user-defined type, and suppose that and <literal>tab2.y</> are of a user-defined type, and suppose that
<literal>tab2.y</> is indexed. The optimizer cannot generate an <literal>tab2.y</> is indexed. The optimizer cannot generate an
indexscan unless it can determine how to flip the clause around to index scan unless it can determine how to flip the clause around to
<literal>tab2.y = tab1.x</>, because the indexscan machinery expects <literal>tab2.y = tab1.x</>, because the index-scan machinery expects
to see the indexed column on the left of the operator it is given. to see the indexed column on the left of the operator it is given.
<ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> will <emphasis>not</> simply <ProductName>PostgreSQL</ProductName> will <emphasis>not</> simply
assume that this is a valid transformation --- the creator of the assume that this is a valid transformation --- the creator of the
@ -348,8 +348,8 @@ table1.column1 OP table2.column2
the operator, since of course the referencing operator class couldn't the operator, since of course the referencing operator class couldn't
exist yet. But attempts to use the operator in hash joins will fail exist yet. But attempts to use the operator in hash joins will fail
at runtime if no such operator class exists. The system needs the at runtime if no such operator class exists. The system needs the
operator class to find the datatype-specific hash function for the operator class to find the data-type-specific hash function for the
operator's input datatype. Of course, you must also supply a suitable operator's input data type. Of course, you must also supply a suitable
hash function before you can create the operator class. hash function before you can create the operator class.
</para> </para>
@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ table1.column1 OP table2.column2
<note> <note>
<para> <para>
The function underlying a hashjoinable operator must be marked The function underlying a hash-joinable operator must be marked
immutable or stable. If it is volatile, the system will never immutable or stable. If it is volatile, the system will never
attempt to use the operator for a hash join. attempt to use the operator for a hash join.
</para> </para>
@ -378,14 +378,14 @@ table1.column1 OP table2.column2
<note> <note>
<para> <para>
If a hashjoinable operator has an underlying function that is marked If a hash-joinable operator has an underlying function that is marked
strict, the strict, the
function must also be complete: that is, it should return TRUE or function must also be complete: that is, it should return true or
FALSE, never NULL, for any two non-NULL inputs. If this rule is false, never null, for any two nonnull inputs. If this rule is
not followed, hash-optimization of <literal>IN</> operations may not followed, hash-optimization of <literal>IN</> operations may
generate wrong results. (Specifically, <literal>IN</> might return generate wrong results. (Specifically, <literal>IN</> might return
FALSE where the correct answer per spec would be NULL; or it might false where the correct answer according to the standard would be null; or it might
yield an error complaining that it wasn't prepared for a NULL result.) yield an error complaining that it wasn't prepared for a null result.)
</para> </para>
</note> </note>
@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ table1.column1 OP table2.column2
<note> <note>
<para> <para>
The function underlying a mergejoinable operator must be marked The function underlying a merge-joinable operator must be marked
immutable or stable. If it is volatile, the system will never immutable or stable. If it is volatile, the system will never
attempt to use the operator for a merge join. attempt to use the operator for a merge join.
</para> </para>

6
doc/src/sgml/xtypes.sgml
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
<!-- <!--
$Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xtypes.sgml,v 1.21 2003/10/21 22:51:14 tgl Exp $ $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/xtypes.sgml,v 1.22 2003/11/01 01:56:29 petere Exp $
--> -->
<sect1 id="xtypes"> <sect1 id="xtypes">
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ complex_out(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
Optionally, a user-defined type can provide binary input and output Optionally, a user-defined type can provide binary input and output
routines. Binary I/O is normally faster but less portable than textual routines. Binary I/O is normally faster but less portable than textual
I/O. As with textual I/O, it is up to you to define exactly what the I/O. As with textual I/O, it is up to you to define exactly what the
external binary representation is. Most of the built-in datatypes external binary representation is. Most of the built-in data types
try to provide a machine-independent binary representation. For try to provide a machine-independent binary representation. For
<type>complex</type>, we will piggy-back on the binary I/O converters <type>complex</type>, we will piggy-back on the binary I/O converters
for type <type>float8</>: for type <type>float8</>:
@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ CREATE TYPE complex (
the total length in bytes of the datum (including itself). The C the total length in bytes of the datum (including itself). The C
functions operating on the data type must be careful to unpack any functions operating on the data type must be careful to unpack any
toasted values they are handed (this detail can normally be hidden in the toasted values they are handed (this detail can normally be hidden in the
GETARG macros). Then, <function>GETARG</function> macros). Then,
when running the <command>CREATE TYPE</command> command, specify the when running the <command>CREATE TYPE</command> command, specify the
internal length as <literal>variable</> and select the appropriate internal length as <literal>variable</> and select the appropriate
storage option. storage option.

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