Fix typos and grammar in docs and comments

This fixes several areas of the documentation and some comments in
matters of style, grammar, or even format.

Author: Justin Pryzby
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20201222041153.GK30237@telsasoft.com

contrib/pg_stat_statements/pg_stat_statements.c

@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ typedef struct Counters
 	double		usage;			/* usage factor */
 	int64		wal_records;	/* # of WAL records generated */
 	int64		wal_fpi;		/* # of WAL full page images generated */
-	uint64		wal_bytes;		/* total amount of WAL bytes generated */
+	uint64		wal_bytes;		/* total amount of WAL generated in bytes */
 } Counters;
 
 /*

doc/src/sgml/amcheck.sgml

@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ SET client_min_messages = DEBUG1;
   designed to diagnose corruption without undue risk.  It cannot guard
   against all causes of backend crashes, as even executing the calling
   query could be unsafe on a badly corrupted system.   Access to <link
-  linkend="catalogs-overview">catalog tables</link> are performed and could
+  linkend="catalogs-overview">catalog tables</link> is performed and could
   be problematic if the catalogs themselves are corrupted.
  </para>
 

doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml

@@ -4478,7 +4478,7 @@ SCRAM-SHA-256$<replaceable>&lt;iteration count&gt;</replaceable>:<replaceable>&l
        inherited columns are to be arranged.  The count starts at 1.
       </para>
       <para>
-       Indexes can not have multiple inheritance, since they can only inherit
+       Indexes cannot have multiple inheritance, since they can only inherit
        when using declarative partitioning.
       </para></entry>
      </row>

doc/src/sgml/cube.sgml

@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ SELECT c FROM test ORDER BY c ~> 3 DESC LIMIT 5;
         Makes a one dimensional cube.
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>cube(1,2)</literal>
+        <literal>cube(1, 2)</literal>
         <returnvalue>(1),(2)</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
       </row>

doc/src/sgml/func.sgml

@@ -1274,7 +1274,7 @@ repeat('Pg', 4) <returnvalue>PgPgPgPg</returnvalue>
         (truncates towards zero)
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>div(9,4)</literal>
+        <literal>div(9, 4)</literal>
         <returnvalue>2</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
       </row>
@@ -1493,7 +1493,7 @@ repeat('Pg', 4) <returnvalue>PgPgPgPg</returnvalue>
         <type>bigint</type>, and <type>numeric</type>
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>mod(9,4)</literal>
+        <literal>mod(9, 4)</literal>
         <returnvalue>1</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
       </row>
@@ -1975,7 +1975,7 @@ repeat('Pg', 4) <returnvalue>PgPgPgPg</returnvalue>
         result in radians
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>atan2(1,0)</literal>
+        <literal>atan2(1, 0)</literal>
         <returnvalue>1.5707963267948966</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
       </row>
@@ -1995,7 +1995,7 @@ repeat('Pg', 4) <returnvalue>PgPgPgPg</returnvalue>
         result in degrees
        </para>
        <para>
-        <literal>atan2d(1,0)</literal>
+        <literal>atan2d(1, 0)</literal>
         <returnvalue>90</returnvalue>
        </para></entry>
       </row>

doc/src/sgml/logicaldecoding.sgml

@@ -953,11 +953,11 @@ stream_commit_cb(...);  <-- commit of the streamed transaction
    <para>
     Similar to spill-to-disk behavior, streaming is triggered when the total
     amount of changes decoded from the WAL (for all in-progress transactions)
-    exceeds limit defined by <varname>logical_decoding_work_mem</varname> setting.
+    exceeds the limit defined by <varname>logical_decoding_work_mem</varname> setting.
-    At that point the largest toplevel transaction (measured by amount of memory
+    At that point, the largest toplevel transaction (measured by the amount of memory
     currently used for decoded changes) is selected and streamed.  However, in
-    some cases we still have to spill to the disk even if streaming is enabled
+    some cases we still have to spill to disk even if streaming is enabled
-    because if we cross the memory limit but we still have not decoded the
+    because we exceed the memory threshold but still have not decoded the
     complete tuple e.g., only decoded toast table insert but not the main table
     insert.
    </para>

doc/src/sgml/monitoring.sgml

@@ -3470,7 +3470,7 @@ SELECT pid, wait_event_type, wait_event FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE wait_event i
        <structfield>wal_bytes</structfield> <type>numeric</type>
       </para>
       <para>
-       Total amount of WAL bytes generated
+       Total amount of WAL generated in bytes
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 
@@ -3479,7 +3479,7 @@ SELECT pid, wait_event_type, wait_event FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE wait_event i
        <structfield>wal_buffers_full</structfield> <type>bigint</type>
       </para>
       <para>
-       Number of times WAL data was written to the disk because WAL buffers got full
+       Number of times WAL data was written to disk because WAL buffers became full
       </para></entry>
      </row>
 

doc/src/sgml/pgstatstatements.sgml

@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@
        <structfield>wal_bytes</structfield> <type>numeric</type>
       </para>
       <para>
-       Total amount of WAL bytes generated by the statement
+       Total amount of WAL generated by the statement in bytes
       </para></entry>
      </row>
     </tbody>

doc/src/sgml/rangetypes.sgml

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
  <para>
   Every range type has a corresponding multirange type. A multirange is
-  an ordered list of non-continguous, non-empty, non-null ranges. Most
+  an ordered list of non-contiguous, non-empty, non-null ranges. Most
   range operators also work on multiranges, and they have a few functions
   of their own.
  </para>

doc/src/sgml/ref/create_type.sgml

@@ -180,10 +180,10 @@ CREATE TYPE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>
     The optional <replaceable class="parameter">multirange_type_name</replaceable>
     parameter specifies the name of the corresponding multirange type.  If not
     specified, this name is chosen automatically as follows.
-    If range type name contains <literal>range</literal> substring, then
+    If the range type name contains the substring <literal>range</literal>, then
-    multirange type name is formed by replacement of the <literal>range</literal>
+    the multirange type name is formed by replacement of the <literal>range</literal>
-    substring with <literal>multirange</literal> substring in the range
+    substring with <literal>multirange</literal> in the range
-    type name.  Otherwise, multirange type name is formed by appending
+    type name.  Otherwise, the multirange type name is formed by appending a
     <literal>_multirange</literal> suffix to the range type name.
    </para>
   </refsect2>

doc/src/sgml/ref/explain.sgml

@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ ROLLBACK;
     <listitem>
      <para>
       Include information on WAL record generation. Specifically, include the
-      number of records, number of full page images (fpi) and amount of WAL
+      number of records, number of full page images (fpi) and the amount of WAL
-      bytes generated.  In text format, only non-zero values are printed.  This
+      generated in bytes. In text format, only non-zero values are printed.
-      parameter may only be used when <literal>ANALYZE</literal> is also
+      This parameter may only be used when <literal>ANALYZE</literal> is also
       enabled.  It defaults to <literal>FALSE</literal>.
      </para>
     </listitem>

doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_dump.sgml

@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Specify the compression level to use.  Zero means no compression.
-        For the custom archive format, this specifies compression of
+        For the custom and directory archive formats, this specifies compression of
         individual table-data segments, and the default is to compress
         at a moderate level.
         For plain text output, setting a nonzero compression level causes

doc/src/sgml/ref/pg_verifybackup.sgml

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
 
   <para>
    It is important to note that the validation which is performed by
-   <application>pg_verifybackup</application> does not and can not include
+   <application>pg_verifybackup</application> does not and cannot include
    every check which will be performed by a running server when attempting
    to make use of the backup. Even if you use this tool, you should still
    perform test restores and verify that the resulting databases work as

doc/src/sgml/ref/prepare.sgml

@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ EXPLAIN EXECUTE <replaceable>name</replaceable>(<replaceable>parameter_values</r
    analysis and planning of the statement, <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> will
    force re-analysis and re-planning of the statement before using it
    whenever database objects used in the statement have undergone
-   definitional (DDL) changes or the planner statistics of them have
+   definitional (DDL) changes or their planner statistics have
    been updated since the previous use of the prepared
    statement.  Also, if the value of <xref linkend="guc-search-path"/> changes
    from one use to the next, the statement will be re-parsed using the new

doc/src/sgml/sources.sgml

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ less -x4
     message text.  In addition there are optional elements, the most
     common of which is an error identifier code that follows the SQL spec's
     SQLSTATE conventions.
-    <function>ereport</function> itself is just a shell macro, that exists
+    <function>ereport</function> itself is just a shell macro that exists
     mainly for the syntactic convenience of making message generation
     look like a single function call in the C source code.  The only parameter
     accepted directly by <function>ereport</function> is the severity level.

doc/src/sgml/wal.sgml

@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@
    Independently of <varname>max_wal_size</varname>,
    the most recent <xref linkend="guc-wal-keep-size"/> megabytes of
    WAL files plus one additional WAL file are
-   kept at all times. Also, if WAL archiving is used, old segments can not be
+   kept at all times. Also, if WAL archiving is used, old segments cannot be
    removed or recycled until they are archived. If WAL archiving cannot keep up
    with the pace that WAL is generated, or if <varname>archive_command</varname>
    fails repeatedly, old WAL files will accumulate in <filename>pg_wal</filename>

src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c

@@ -10418,7 +10418,7 @@ get_sync_bit(int method)
 	 *
 	 * Never use O_DIRECT in walreceiver process for similar reasons; the WAL
 	 * written by walreceiver is normally read by the startup process soon
-	 * after its written. Also, walreceiver performs unaligned writes, which
+	 * after it's written. Also, walreceiver performs unaligned writes, which
 	 * don't work with O_DIRECT, so it is required for correctness too.
 	 */
 	if (!XLogIsNeeded() && !AmWalReceiverProcess())

src/backend/partitioning/partprune.c

@@ -3119,7 +3119,7 @@ get_matching_range_bounds(PartitionPruneContext *context,
 	/*
 	 * If the smallest partition to return has MINVALUE (negative infinity) as
 	 * its lower bound, increment it to point to the next finite bound
-	 * (supposedly its upper bound), so that we don't advertently end up
+	 * (supposedly its upper bound), so that we don't inadvertently end up
 	 * scanning the default partition.
 	 */
 	if (minoff < boundinfo->ndatums && partindices[minoff] < 0)
@@ -3138,7 +3138,7 @@ get_matching_range_bounds(PartitionPruneContext *context,
 	 * If the previous greatest partition has MAXVALUE (positive infinity) as
 	 * its upper bound (something only possible to do with multi-column range
 	 * partitioning), we scan switch to it as the greatest partition to
-	 * return.  Again, so that we don't advertently end up scanning the
+	 * return.  Again, so that we don't inadvertently end up scanning the
 	 * default partition.
 	 */
 	if (maxoff >= 1 && partindices[maxoff] < 0)

src/bin/pg_dump/pg_backup_archiver.h

@@ -329,10 +329,15 @@ struct _archiveHandle
 	DumpId	   *tableDataId;	/* TABLE DATA ids, indexed by table dumpId */
 
 	struct _tocEntry *currToc;	/* Used when dumping data */
-	int			compression;	/* Compression requested on open Possible
+	int			compression;	/*---------
-								 * values for compression: -1
+								 * Compression requested on open().
-								 * Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION 0	COMPRESSION_NONE
+								 * Possible values for compression:
-								 * 1-9 levels for gzip compression */
+								 * -2	ZSTD_COMPRESSION
+								 * -1	Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION
+								 *  0	COMPRESSION_NONE
+								 * 1-9 levels for gzip compression
+								 *---------
+								 */
 	bool		dosync;			/* data requested to be synced on sight */
 	ArchiveMode mode;			/* File mode - r or w */
 	void	   *formatData;		/* Header data specific to file format */

src/bin/pg_dump/pg_backup_directory.c

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  *
  *	A directory format dump is a directory, which contains a "toc.dat" file
  *	for the TOC, and a separate file for each data entry, named "<oid>.dat".
- *	Large objects (BLOBs) are stored in separate files named "blob_<uid>.dat",
+ *	Large objects (BLOBs) are stored in separate files named "blob_<oid>.dat",
  *	and there's a plain-text TOC file for them called "blobs.toc". If
  *	compression is used, each data file is individually compressed and the
  *	".gz" suffix is added to the filenames. The TOC files are never

src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c

@@ -7018,10 +7018,7 @@ getInherits(Archive *fout, int *numInherits)
 	int			i_inhrelid;
 	int			i_inhparent;
 
-	/*
+	/* find all the inheritance information */
-	 * Find all the inheritance information, excluding implicit inheritance
-	 * via partitioning.
-	 */
 	appendPQExpBufferStr(query, "SELECT inhrelid, inhparent FROM pg_inherits");
 
 	res = ExecuteSqlQuery(fout, query->data, PGRES_TUPLES_OK);

src/bin/pg_upgrade/check.c

@@ -247,8 +247,8 @@ output_completion_banner(char *deletion_script_file_name)
 	}
 
 	pg_log(PG_REPORT,
-		   "Optimizer statistics are not transferred by pg_upgrade so,\n"
+		   "Optimizer statistics are not transferred by pg_upgrade.\n"
-		   "once you start the new server, consider running:\n"
+		   "Once you start the new server, consider running:\n"
 		   "    %s/vacuumdb %s--all --analyze-in-stages\n\n", new_cluster.bindir, user_specification.data);
 
 	if (deletion_script_file_name)

src/tools/msvc/README

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ VSObjectFactory.pm     factory module providing the code to create the
 Description of the internals of the Visual Studio build process
 ---------------------------------------------------------------
 By typing 'build' the user starts the build.bat wrapper which simply passes
-it's arguments to build.pl.
+its arguments to build.pl.
 In build.pl the user's buildenv.pl is used to set up the build environment
 (i. e. path to bison and flex). In addition his config.pl file is merged into
 config_default.pl to create the configuration arguments.