Update our documentation concerning where to create data directories.

Although initdb has long discouraged use of a filesystem mount-point
directory as a PG data directory, this point was covered nowhere in the
user-facing documentation.  Also, with the popularity of pg_upgrade,
we really need to recommend that the PG user own not only the data
directory but its parent directory too.  (Without a writable parent
directory, operations such as "mv data data.old" fail immediately.
pg_upgrade itself doesn't do that, but wrapper scripts for it often do.)

Hence, adjust the "Creating a Database Cluster" section to address
these points.  I also took the liberty of wordsmithing the discussion
of NFS a bit.

These considerations aren't by any means new, so back-patch to all
supported branches.

doc/src/sgml/runtime.sgml

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
   <para>
    Before you can do anything, you must initialize a database storage
    area on disk. We call this a <firstterm>database cluster</firstterm>.
-   (<acronym>SQL</acronym> uses the term catalog cluster.) A
+   (The <acronym>SQL</acronym> standard uses the term catalog cluster.) A
    database cluster is a collection of databases that is managed by a
    single instance of a running database server. After initialization, a
    database cluster will contain a database named <literal>postgres</literal>,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
   </para>
 
   <para>
-   In file system terms, a database cluster will be a single directory
+   In file system terms, a database cluster is a single directory
    under which all data will be stored. We call this the <firstterm>data
    directory</firstterm> or <firstterm>data area</firstterm>. It is
    completely up to you where you choose to store your data.  There is no
@@ -109,15 +109,18 @@
 
   <para>
    <command>initdb</command> will attempt to create the directory you
-   specify if it does not already exist. It is likely that it will not
+   specify if it does not already exist.  Of course, this will fail if
-   have the permission to do so (if you followed our advice and created
+   <command>initdb</command> does not have permissions to write in the
-   an unprivileged account). In that case you should create the
+   parent directory.  It's generally recommendable that the
-   directory yourself (as root) and change the owner to be the
+   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> user own not just the data
-   <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> user. Here is how this might
+   directory but its parent directory as well, so that this should not
-   be done:
+   be a problem.  If the desired parent directory doesn't exist either,
+   you will need to create it first, using root privileges if the
+   grandparent directory isn't writable.  So the process might look
+   like this:
 <screen>
-root# <userinput>mkdir /usr/local/pgsql/data</userinput>
+root# <userinput>mkdir /usr/local/pgsql</userinput>
-root# <userinput>chown postgres /usr/local/pgsql/data</userinput>
+root# <userinput>chown postgres /usr/local/pgsql</userinput>
 root# <userinput>su postgres</userinput>
 postgres$ <userinput>initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</userinput>
 </screen>
@@ -125,7 +128,9 @@ postgres$ <userinput>initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</userinput>
 
   <para>
    <command>initdb</command> will refuse to run if the data directory
-   looks like it has already been initialized.</para>
+   exists and already contains files; this is to prevent accidentally
+   overwriting an existing installation.
+  </para>
 
   <para>
    Because the data directory contains all the data stored in the
@@ -178,8 +183,30 @@ postgres$ <userinput>initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</userinput>
    locale setting.  For details see <xref linkend="multibyte">.
   </para>
 
+  <sect2 id="creating-cluster-mount-points">
+   <title>Use of Secondary File Systems</title>
+
+   <indexterm zone="creating-cluster-mount-points">
+    <primary>file system mount points</primary>
+   </indexterm>
+
+   <para>
+    Many installations create their database clusters on file systems
+    (volumes) other than the machine's <quote>root</> volume.  If you
+    choose to do this, it is not advisable to try to use the secondary
+    volume's topmost directory (mount point) as the data directory.
+    Best practice is to create a directory within the mount-point
+    directory that is owned by the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
+    user, and then create the data directory within that.  This avoids
+    permissions problems, particularly for operations such
+    as <application>pg_upgrade</>, and it also ensures clean failures if
+    the secondary volume is taken offline.
+   </para>
+
+  </sect2>
+
   <sect2 id="creating-cluster-nfs">
-   <title>Network File Systems</title>
+   <title>Use of Network File Systems</title>
 
    <indexterm zone="creating-cluster-nfs">
     <primary>Network File Systems</primary>
@@ -188,22 +215,30 @@ postgres$ <userinput>initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</userinput>
    <indexterm><primary>Network Attached Storage (<acronym>NAS</>)</><see>Network File Systems</></>
 
    <para>
-    Many installations create database clusters on network file systems.
+    Many installations create their database clusters on network file
-    Sometimes this is done directly via <acronym>NFS</>, or by using a
+    systems.  Sometimes this is done via <acronym>NFS</>, or by using a
     Network Attached Storage (<acronym>NAS</>) device that uses
     <acronym>NFS</> internally.  <productname>PostgreSQL</> does nothing
     special for <acronym>NFS</> file systems, meaning it assumes
-    <acronym>NFS</> behaves exactly like locally-connected drives
+    <acronym>NFS</> behaves exactly like locally-connected drives.
-    (<acronym>DAS</>, Direct Attached Storage).  If client and server
+    If the client or server <acronym>NFS</> implementation does not
-    <acronym>NFS</> implementations have non-standard semantics, this can
+    provide standard file system semantics, this can
     cause reliability problems (see <ulink
     url="http://www.time-travellers.org/shane/papers/NFS_considered_harmful.html"></ulink>).
     Specifically, delayed (asynchronous) writes to the <acronym>NFS</>
-    server can cause reliability problems;   if possible, mount
+    server can cause data corruption problems.  If possible, mount the
-    <acronym>NFS</> file systems synchronously (without caching) to avoid
+    <acronym>NFS</> file system synchronously (without caching) to avoid
-    this.  Also, soft-mounting <acronym>NFS</> is not recommended.
+    this hazard.  Also, soft-mounting the <acronym>NFS</> file system is
-    (Storage Area Networks (<acronym>SAN</>) use a low-level
+    not recommended.
-    communication protocol rather than <acronym>NFS</>.)
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    Storage Area Networks (<acronym>SAN</>) typically use communication
+    protocols other than <acronym>NFS</>, and may or may not be subject
+    to hazards of this sort.  It's advisable to consult the vendor's
+    documentation concerning data consistency guarantees.
+    <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> cannot be more reliable than
+    the file system it's using.
    </para>
 
   </sect2>